Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets
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Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets · Jan 2015
ReviewMechanical ventilation for ARDS patients--for a better understanding of the 2012 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines.
The mortality rate among patients suffering acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains high despite implementation at clinical centers of the lung protective ventilatory strategies recommended by the International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012. This suggests that such strategies are still sub-optimal for some ARDS patients. For these patients, tailored use of ventilator settings should be considered, including: further reduction of tidal volumes, administration of neuromuscular blocking agents if the patient's spontaneous breathing is incompatible with mechanical ventilation, and adjusting positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) settings based on transpulmonary pressure levels.
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Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets · Jan 2015
ReviewExtracorporeal lung assist for sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the major causes of ICU deaths. Extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) has been used as a rescue therapy for most severe form of ARDS. However, its survival benefit had not been shown until CESAR trial in 2009. ⋯ PumplessECLA which is a newly developed form of ECLA is also reviewed. In this essay we will firstly review the basics of ARDS and ECLA. Then the historical development of ECLA evidences for ARDS are reviewed.
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Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets · Jan 2015
ReviewSepsis pathophysiology and anesthetic consideration.
Sepsis remains to be a significant health care issue associated with high mortality and healthcare cost, despite the extensive effort to better understand the pathophysiology of the sepsis. Recently updated clinical guideline for severe sepsis and septic shock, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2012", emphasizes the importance of early goal-directed therapy, which can be implemented in intraoperative management of sepsis patients. Herein, we review the updates of current guideline and discuss its application to anesthesic management. Furthermore, we review the recent advance in knowledge of sepsis pathophysiology, focusing on immune modulation, which may lead to new clinical therapeutic approach to sepsis.
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Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets · Jan 2015
ReviewNeuroinflammation in sepsis: sepsis associated delirium.
Sepsis-associated delirium (SAD) is a clinical manifestation of the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) during sepsis. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of SAD including the epidemiology and current diagnostic criteria for SAD. We present in detail the pathophysiology with regards to blood-brain-barrier breakdown, cytokine activation and neurotransmitter deregulation. ⋯ Preventive measures for SAD in the critically ill patient requiring long-term sedation include maintaining light levels of sedation using non-benzodiazepine sedatives (either propofol or dexmedetomidine). Early mobilization of patients in the ICU is also recommended. Antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol and atypical antipsychotics) are widely used to treat SAD, but firm evidence of their efficacy is lacking.
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Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets · Jan 2015
ReviewInvolvement of hypoxia-inducible factors in the dysregulation of oxygen homeostasis in sepsis.
Sepsis is a state of infection with serious systemic manifestations, and if severe enough, can be associated with multiple organ dysfunction and systemic hypotension, which can cause tissues to be hypoxic. Inflammation, as part of the multifaceted biological response to injurious stimuli, such as pathogens or damaged tissues and cells, underlies these biological processes. ⋯ Indeed, the study of transcriptionally regulated tissue adaptation to hypoxia requires intense investigation to help control hypoxia-induced inflammation and organ failure. In this review, I have described the pathophysiology of sepsis with respect to oxygen metabolism and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1.