Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery
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J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv · Dec 2010
Characterization of exhaled particles from the healthy human lung--a systematic analysis in relation to pulmonary function variables.
Noninvasive monitoring of airway inflammation is important for diagnosis and treatment intervention of lung disease. Mediators of interest are often nonvolatile molecules that are exhaled as aerosols and captured by breath condensation. Because analysis of exhaled breath condensate has been troublesome in the past, partly due to poor standardization and unknown dilution, we investigated in detail the influence of respiratory variables on exhaled particle number and size distribution during tidal breathing in healthy volunteers. ⋯ We conclude that online determination of exhaled aerosols from the human lungs is a prerequisite to standardize the assessment of nonvolatile mediators by normalization to the aerosol emission rate.
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J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv · Aug 2010
ReviewAcute lung injury: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Acute lung injury (ALI) remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patient population. Defined by a constellation of clinical criteria (acute onset of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with hypoxemia without evidence of hydrostatic pulmonary edema), ALI has a high incidence (200,000 per year in the US) and overall mortality remains high. ⋯ Phase III clinical trials by the NHLBI ARDS Network have resulted in improvement in survival and a reduction in the duration of mechanical ventilation with a lung-protective ventilation strategy and fluid conservative protocol. Potential areas of future treatments include nutritional strategies, statin therapy, and mesenchymal stem cells.
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J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv · Jun 2010
Clinical TrialLung deposition of BDP/formoterol HFA pMDI in healthy volunteers, asthmatic, and COPD patients.
When inhaling medication, it is essential that drug particles are delivered to all sites of lung inflammation, including the peripheral airways. The aim of this study was to assess the lung deposition and lung distribution of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)/formoterol (100/6 microg), both dissolved in hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) and delivered by pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) in healthy subjects, asthmatic, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, to investigate how the in vitro characteristics of the formulation translate into the in vivo performance in diseases with different airway obstruction. ⋯ Inhalation of BDP/formoterol HFA (100/6 microg) produces high and homogeneous deposition of BDP and formoterol in the airways, regardless of pathophysiological condition.
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J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv · Jun 2010
Comparative StudyOmron NE U22: Comparison between vibrating mesh and jet nebulizer.
To overcome the limitations of conventional jet nebulizers, vibrating mesh technology has been commercialized. The present article is designed to address clinically relevant issues for routine aerosol therapy for a vibrating mesh nebulizer, the Omron NE U22, compared to traditional jet nebulizers. ⋯ Position was an important factor for the mesh device affecting run time and variability in particle distribution. Using a common commercial formulation and continuous operation, drug delivery was similar to an efficient jet nebulizer. The Omron mesh tolerated repeated use with the albuterol formulation.
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J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv · Jun 2010
Fractionated exhaled breath condensate collection shows high hydrogen peroxide release in the airways.
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) allows noninvasive monitoring of inflammation in the lung. Activation of inflammatory cells results in an increased production of reactive oxygen species, leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In addition, cigarette smoking causes an influx of inflammatory cells, and higher levels of H(2)O(2) have been found in EBC of smokers. However, there are still unresolved issues reflected by large variations in exhaled H(2)O(2) and uncertainties about the origin of H(2)O(2) release in the lung. ⋯ Exhaled H(2)O(2) is released at higher concentrations from the airways of all subjects studied, implying that the airways may be the dominant location of H(2)O(2) production. Because many lung diseases cause inflammation at different sites of the lung, fractionated sampling of EBC can reduce variability and maintain an anatomical allocation of the exhaled biomarkers.