The Journal of applied psychology
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Dyadic relationships in an organizational hierarchy are often nested within one another. For instance, the relationship between a supervisor and an employee is nested within the relationship between that supervisor and his or her boss. ⋯ Cross-level analysis of data from 581 frontline nurses and 29 supervisors in a midwestern hospital supports this contention. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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The authors examined the influence of the introduction of a new suite of technology tools on the performance of 592 salespersons. They hypothesized that the salespersons' work experience would have a negative effect on their technology self-efficacy, which in turn would relate positively to their use of technology. Sales performance was hypothesized to be positively related to both past performance and the use of new technology tools. ⋯ Hierarchical linear modeling analyses confirmed all of the hypothesized individual-level relationships and most of the cross-level relationships stemming from average leader behaviors. In particular, empowering leadership exhibited multiple cross-level interactions, as anticipated. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of social-psychological factors related to the success of sales force technology interventions.