Chest
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Most pulmonary conditions reduce FVC, but studies of patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema demonstrate that reductions in FVC are less than expected when these two conditions coexist clinically. ⋯ The presence of ILA attenuates the reduction in FVC associated with emphysema.
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The Confusion, Urea > 7 mM, Respiratory Rate ≥ 30 breaths/min, BP < 90 mm Hg (Systolic) or < 60 mm Hg (Diastolic), Age ≥ 65 Years (CURB-65) score and the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) are well-established clinical prediction rules for predicting mortality in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a new etiologic agent for CAP, but the role of CURB-65 score and PSI have not been established. ⋯ PSI and CURB-65 score can predict in-hospital mortality for patients with SARS-CoV-2 CAP and non-SARS-CoV-2 CAP comparatively. In patients with SARS-CoV-2 CAP, the inclusion of either D-dimer or procalcitonin to PSI or CURB-65 score did not improve the prognostic performance of either score. In patients with CAP, regardless of cause, PSI and CURB-65 score remain adequate for predicting mortality in clinical practice.
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Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) frequently coexist; however, there is limited evidence on the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood and late-onset CVD. ⋯ gov.
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Small airways are known to be affected early in the course of COPD; however, traditional spirometric indices may not accurately identify small airways disease. ⋯ gov: ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Although guidelines long have recommended objective pulmonary function testing to diagnose asthma and COPD, many primary care patients receive a clinical diagnosis of asthma or COPD without objective testing. This often leads to unnecessary treatment with associated incremental costs and side effects and delays actual diagnosis. ⋯ Barriers to objective testing for airway disease in primary care are complex and span many theoretical domains. Correspondingly, a successful intervention must leverage multiple behavior change techniques. A theory-based, multifaceted intervention to address underuse of diagnostic testing for asthma or COPD now should be developed and tested.