Neuropharmacology
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The depression rate of C fibre-evoked spinal field potentials by spinally applied morphine is increased in two states of spinal hyperexcitation, namely the spinal ligation model (SNL) of neuropathic pain and long-term potentiation (LTP) of C fibre-evoked spinal field potentials. This present work sought to determine opioid receptor subtypes involved in such increase in the SNL model. We recorded spinal field potentials during spinal superfusion with increasing, cumulative concentrations of selective subtype-specific agonists in rats subjected to SNL, as well as in non-ligated animals. ⋯ MOR blockade (100 microM CTOP) disinhibited C fibre-evoked potentials in neuropathic, but not in basal animals, and partially impeded DOR depression in both groups. DOR blockade (1 mM naltrindole) was ineffective in either group. We show that DOR-mediated depression of spinal responses to peripheral unmyelinated fibre-input is increased in the SNL model, an increase that is contributed to by positive interaction with the spinal MOR.
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We evaluated the effects of intra-periaqueductal grey (PAG) N-arachidonoyl-serotonin (AA-5-HT), a compound with a "dual" ability to inhibit the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and to antagonize transient receptor vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors, on endocannabinoid levels, rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) ON and OFF cell activities, thermal nociception (tail flick in anaesthetized rats) and formalin-induced nocifensive responses in awake rats. AA-5-HT increased endocannabinoid levels in the PAG and induced analgesia. Paradoxically, it also depressed the RVM OFF cell, as well as the ON cell activities. ⋯ The recruitment of "alternative" pathways, such as PAG-locus coeruleus (LC)-spinal cord might be responsible for AA-5-HT effect since we found evidence that (i) intra-PAG AA-5-HT increased LC neuron firing activities, and (ii) intrathecal phentolamine or ketanserin prevented the analgesic effect of AA-5-HT. Moreover, intra-PAG AA-5-HT prevented the changes in the ON and OFF cells firing activity induced by intra-paw formalin, and it inverted the formalin-induced increase in LC adrenergic cell activity. All AA-5-HT effects were antagonized by cannabinoid CB1 and TRPV1 receptor antagonists thus suggesting that co-localization of these receptors in the PAG can be an appropriate neural substrate for AA-5-HT-induced analgesia.
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The present study was conducted to determine whether the activation of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) by its agonist (GR73632) enhances the capsaicin-evoked substance P (SP) release using a radioimmunoassay. A pre-exposure to GR73632 enhanced the capsaicin-evoked SP release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The augmentation of capsaicin-evoked SP release by GR73632 was completely inhibited by pharmacological blockade of NK-1R or transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1), and was partially attenuated by the inhibition of either protein kinase C (PKC), cyclooxygenase (COX) or phospholipase C (PLC), p38 or p42/44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but not protein kinase A. ⋯ The increase in the TRPV1 phosphorylated forms induced by a 60-min exposure to GR73632 was completely abolished by the inhibition of either PKC, COX or PLC, p38 or p42/44 MAP kinases. Immunocytochemistry study demonstrated that the NK-1R and TRPV1 were mainly co-expressed in the small-sized neurons. These findings suggest that the activation of NK-1R by its agonist, by sensitizing the TRPV1 through the PKC phosphorylation of TRPV1, may play a role in the enhancement of the capsaicin-evoked SP release from cultured rat DRG neurons.
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Antidepressants such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) act as indirect agonists of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Although these drugs produce a rapid blockade of serotonin transporters (SERTs) in vitro, several weeks of treatment are necessary to observe clinical benefits. This paradox has not been solved yet. ⋯ Interestingly, using in situ hybridization experiments indicated that TrkB receptor mRNA was expressed in the hippocampus and dorsal raphe nucleus in adult mice suggesting that the neurochemical and behavioral effects of intra-hippocampal BDNF injection can mobilize both pre- and post-synaptic elements of the brain 5-HT neurotransmission. Taken together, these set of experiments unveiled a relative opposition of neurochemical and behavioral responses following either a decrease (in BDNF+/- mutant mice) or an increase in brain BDNF levels (bilateral intra-hippocampal injection) in adult mice. In view of developing new antidepressant drug strategy, a poly-therapy combining BDNF with a chronic SSRI treatment could thus improve the efficacy of current medications.
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The present work investigated sites of ethanol action in ATP-gated P2X receptors (P2XRs) using chimeric strategies that exploited the differences in ethanol response between P2X2R (inhibition) and P2X3R (potentiation). We tested ethanol (10-200mM) effects on ATP- and alpha,beta-methylene-ATP (alpha,beta-meATP)-induced currents in wildtype P2X2, P2X3 and chimeric P2X2/P2X3Rs expressed in Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage-clamp (-70mV). Exchanging ectodomain regions of P2X2 and P2X3Rs reversed wildtype ethanol responses. ⋯ Studies that substituted TM regions of P2X3R with respective P2X2R TMs indicate that the TM1, but not the TM2, region plays a role in determining the magnitude of ethanol response. Studies with ATP and alpha,beta-meATP support prior indications that TM regions are important in agonist desensitization and suggest that both ectodomain and TM regions play roles in determining agonist potency and selectivity. Overall, these findings are the first to identify potential targets for ethanol in P2X2 and P2X3Rs and should provide insight into the sites of ethanol action in other P2XRs.