European journal of pharmacology
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Inflammation underlies the development and progression of a number of skin disorders including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and cancer. Therefore, novel antiinflammatory agents are of great clinical interest for prevention and treatment of these conditions. Herein, we demonstrated the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antiinflammatory activity of euphol, a tetracyclic triterpene isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli, in skin inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in mice. ⋯ These effects were associated with euphol's ability to prevent TPA-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation, namely PKCα and PKCδ isozymes. Our data indicate that topical application of euphol markedly inhibits the inflammatory response induced by TPA. Thus, euphol represents a promising agent for the management of skin diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Recently there has been a dramatic rise in the abuse of so-called "bath salts" products that are purchased as legal alternatives to illicit drugs like cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Baths salts contain one or more synthetic derivatives of the naturally-occurring stimulant cathinone. Low doses of bath salts produce euphoria and increase alertness, but high doses or chronic use can cause serious adverse effects such as hallucinations, delirium, hyperthermia and tachycardia. ⋯ Stimulation of dopamine transmission by synthetic cathinones predicts a high potential for addiction and may underlie clinical adverse effects. As popular synthetic cathinones are rendered illegal, new replacement cathinones are appearing in the marketplace. More research on the pharmacology and toxicology of abused cathinones is needed to inform public health policy and develop strategies for treating medical consequence of bath salts abuse.
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Given the key role p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays in inflammatory responses through the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, its inhibition is considered a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect and selectivity profile of the novel p38 MAPK inhibitor AS1940477. AS1940477 inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant p38α and β isoforms but showed no effect against other 100 protein kinases including p38γ and δ isoforms. ⋯ In addition, equivalent concentrations of AS1940477 that inhibited cytokine production also inhibited TNFα- and IL-1 β-induced production of IL-6, PGE(2), and MMP-3 in human synovial stromal cells. AS1940477 was also found to potently inhibit TNF production in whole blood (IC(50)=12 nM) and effectively inhibited TNFα production induced by systemically administered LPS in rats at less than 0.1mg/kg (ED(50)=0.053 mg/kg) with an anti-inflammatory effect lasting for 20h after oral administration. Overall, this study demonstrated that AS1940477 is a novel and potent p38 MAPK inhibitor and may be useful as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Previous work has demonstrated that neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), Y(1) receptor and Y(2) receptor are critical in modulation of pain after nerve injury. We hypothesized that NPY was important for nociception after surgical incision. As a model of postoperative pain, rats underwent a plantar incision in one hindpaw. ⋯ Intrathecal administration of NPY and/or central blockade of Y(2) receptor attenuated pain behaviors early after incision (postoperative day (POD) 1-2). Y(1) receptor antagonist administration blocked the anti-hyperalgesic effect of NPY. Together these data suggest a role for spinal NPY in postoperative pain.
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The present study explored a link between spinal 5-HT(7) and adenosine A(1) receptors in antinociception by systemic amitriptyline in normal and adenosine A(1) receptor knock-out mice using the 2% formalin test. In normal mice, antinociception by systemic amitriptyline 3mg/kg was blocked by intrathecal administration of the selective adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) 10 nmol. Blockade was also seen in adenosine A(1) receptor +/+ mice, but not in -/- mice lacking these receptors. ⋯ Spinal actions constitute only one aspect of antinociception by amitriptyline, as intraplantar DPCPX 10 nmol blocked antinociception by systemic amitriptyline in normal and adenosine A(1) receptor +/+, but not -/- mice. Adenosine A(1) receptor interactions are worthy of attention, as chronic oral caffeine (0.1, 0.3g/L, doses considered relevant to human intake levels) blocked antinociception by systemic amitriptyline in normal mice. In conclusion, adenosine A(1) receptors contribute to antinociception by systemic amitriptyline in both spinal and peripheral compartments.