European journal of pharmacology
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Exocrine pancreatic secretion, attributed initially to neural reflexes (nervism), was then found to depend also on enterohormones, especially secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK), released by the intestinal mucosa and believed to act via an endocrine pathway. Recently, CCK and other enterohormones were found to stimulate the pancreas by excitation of sensory nerves and by trigger of long vagovagal or ("brain-gut axis") enteropancreatic reflexes. ⋯ Recently, peptides affecting appetite behavior and originating from the gut, such as leptin and ghrelin, or from the pancreas, such as pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y, appear to modulate the exocrine pancreas via hypothalamic centers. The aim of this review is to highlight the interaction of nerves and enterohormones in the regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion.
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This study investigated the anti-allodynic and anti-oedematogenic effects of the hexanic extract, lignan-rich fraction and purified lignans from a plant used in the traditional medicine, Phyllanthus amarus, in the inflammatory and neuropathic models of nociception. The hexanic extract inhibited the allodynia and the oedema induced by the intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The inhibition observed was 76 +/- 7% (ipsilateral paw), 64 +/- 7% (contralateral paw), and 41 +/- 2% (oedema). ⋯ Finally, the treatment with hexanic extract inhibited the increase of myeloperoxidase activity, either following intraplantar injection of CFA or after sciatic nerve injury. It is concluded that, apart from its anti-inflammatory actions, which are probably linked to the presence of lignans, another as yet unidentified active principle(s) present in the hexanic extract of P. amarus produces pronounced anti-allodynia in two models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Considering that few drugs are currently available for the treatment of chronic pain, especially of the neuropathic type, the present results may have clinical relevance and open new possibilities for the development of new anti-allodynic drugs.
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In rats subjected to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, melanocortin peptides, including gamma(1)-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma(1)-MSH), are able to exert a protective effect by stimulating brain melanocortin MC(3) receptors. A non-melanocortin receptor belonging to a group of receptors for Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH(2) (FMRFamide)-like peptides may be involved in some of the cardiovascular effects of the gamma-MSHs. FMRFamide-like peptides and gamma(1)-/gamma(2)-MSH share, among other things, the C-terminal Arg-Phe sequence, which seems to be essential for cardiovascular effects in normal animals. ⋯ Heart rate of normal rats was not affected by any of the assayed peptides. The present data confirm and extend our previous findings that melanocortins prevent myocardial reperfusion injury by activating melanocortin MC(3) receptors. Moreover, they further support the notion that, in normal rats, cardiovascular effects of gamma-MSHs are mediated by receptors for FMRFamide-like peptides, for whose activation, but not for that of melanocortin MC(3) receptors, the C-terminal Arg-Phe structure being relevant.
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Comparative Study
Antinociceptive interactions of ketamine with morphine or methadone in mononeuropathic rats.
To study the antinociceptive synergy resulting from the combination of opioid receptor agonists and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists on neuropathic pain, an isobolographic analysis of equianalgesic combinations of ketamine with methadone or morphine was performed in rats with mononeuropathy produced by placing four constrictive ligatures around the common sciatic nerve. Two weeks later, the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous administration of the drugs alone or combined was evaluated by using the paw pressure test. ⋯ The ketamine/methadone combination was more effective to produce antinociception in the neuropathic paw than was the ketamine/morphine association, as revealed by the lower ED25. The results indicate supra-additive synergy between NMDA receptor antagonists and opioids, especially methadone, to produce antinociception in experimental neuropathy.
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Comparative Study
Involvement of central mu-opioid system in the scratching behavior in mice, and the suppression of it by the activation of kappa-opioid system.
The role of central mu- and kappa-opioid receptors in the regulation of itch sensation was examined using pruritogen-induced mouse scratching behavior model. Intracerebroventricular administration of beta-funaltrexamine, a selective mu-opioid receptor antagonist, inhibited the scratching behavior induced by intradermal substance P, but subcutaneous administration of beta-funaltrexamine did not. ⋯ In addition, the scratching induced by the direct activation of central mu-opioid receptor by intracisternal morphine was significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by subcutaneous administration of TRK-820. Taken all together, it is suggested that the central mu-opioid receptors play a role in the processing of itch sensation, and the activation of central kappa-opioid receptors antagonize the central mu-opioid receptor mediated itch processing, thereby suppressing itch sensation.