American family physician
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Hypothermia, frostbite, and nonfreezing cold injuries predominantly affect older adults, homeless or intoxicated people, adventurers, and military personnel. Prevention begins with clothing that is clean, layered, and loose to promote circulation. Base layers made of moisture-wicking materials are favored over wool or cotton. ⋯ Tissue plasminogen activator significantly decreases amputation rates for severe injuries if started within 24 hours of rewarming. Immersion foot occurs during damp nonfreezing conditions. Rapid rewarming should be avoided, and amitriptyline should be considered for pain control.
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Nonspecific low back pain refers to a condition without a distinct etiology to explain its associated symptoms. This pain may become chronic and is a major cause of work loss around the world. Without a specific explanation for a patient's symptoms, the family physician is charged with providing reassurance, while also guiding the patient toward a return to function, which often includes maintaining employment. ⋯ Early assessment for barriers to recovery, such as fear avoidance beliefs and psychosocial factors, is helpful. Stress management counseling may also be beneficial. Disability guidelines can serve as guideposts for return to work recommendations.