The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
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J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. · Apr 2014
Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States.
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that can cause death; however, the actual risk of death is unclear. ⋯ From 2006 to 2009, the overwhelming majority of hospitalizations or ED presentations for anaphylaxis did not result in death, with an average case fatality rate of 0.3%. Anaphylaxis-related hospitalizations increased steadily in the last decade (1999-2009), but this increase was offset by the decreasing case fatality rate among those hospitalized; both inpatient and overall mortality rates associated with anaphylaxis appeared stable and were well under 1 per million population. Although anaphylactic reactions are potentially life-threatening, the probability of dying is actually very low. With the prevalence of anaphylaxis on the increase, practitioners need to stay vigilant and follow the treatment guidelines to further reduce anaphylaxis-related deaths.
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J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. · Apr 2014
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells facilitate sensitization to local, but not systemic, TH2-inducing allergen exposures.
Allergic inflammation involves the sensitization of naive CD4(+) T cells to allergens, resulting in a TH2-skewed inflammatory response. Although antigen presentation by dendritic cells to T cells in the lymph node is crucial for TH2 cell development, the innate signals that initiate adaptive type 2 inflammation and the role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are poorly understood. ⋯ These data highlight a critical role for ILC2s in the development of adaptive type 2 responses to local, but not systemic, antigen exposure.