Anesthesiology
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Effects of concentration and volume of 2-chloroprocaine on epidural anesthesia in volunteers.
Effect of local anesthetic concentration and volume on the spread and density of epidural anesthesia is unclear. This study was performed to delineate effects of a threefold difference in concentration and volume of 2-chloroprocaine on epidural anesthesia. ⋯ Intensity of sensory and motor block from epidural anesthesia with 2-chloroprocaine appears to depend primarily on total milligram dose.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Effects of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal function: comparison with high-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and low-flow isoflurane anesthesia.
The safety of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, during which CF2=C(CF3)-O-CH2F (compound A) is formed by sevoflurane degradation, in humans has been questioned because compound A is nephrotoxic in rats. Several reports have evaluated renal function after closed-circuit or low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, using blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine as markers. However, these are not the more sensitive tests for detecting renal damage. This study assessed the effects of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal function using not only BUN and serum creatinine but also creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of kidney-specific enzymes, and it compared these values with those obtained in high-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and low-flow isoflurane anesthesia. ⋯ The only difference between the low-flow and high-flow sevoflurane groups was compound A formation, and postanesthesia laboratory data showed no significant effects of compound A formation during sevoflurane anesthesia on renal function. No significant effects on renal function were observed in either the low-flow or high-flow sevoflurane groups compared with the low-flow isoflurane group.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
The effect of isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, and thiopental/nitrous oxide on respiratory system resistance after tracheal intubation.
After tracheal intubation, lung resistance and therefore respiratory system resistance (R[rs]) routinely increase, sometimes to the point of clinical bronchospasm. Volatile anesthetics generally have been considered to be effective bronchodilators, although there are few human data comparing the efficacy of available agents. This study compared the bronchodilating efficacy of four anesthetic maintenance regimens: 1.1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) end-tidal sevoflurane, isoflurane or halothane, and thiopental/nitrous oxide. ⋯ After tracheal intubation in persons without asthma, sevoflurane decreased R(rs) as much or more than isoflurane or halothane did during a 10-min exposure at 1.1 MAC.
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Comparative Study
Endobronchial vasopressin improves survival during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs.
Intravenous administration of vasopressin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been shown to be more effective than optimal doses of epinephrine. This study evaluated the effect of endobronchial vasopressin during CPR. ⋯ Endobronchial vasopressin is absorbed during CPR, coronary perfusion pressure is increased significantly within a short period, and the chance of successful resuscitation is increased in this porcine model of CPR. Endobronchial vasopressin may be an alternative for vasopressor administration during CPR, when intravenous access is delayed or not available.
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Little is known about the influence of liver transplantation on the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs. The authors determined the pharmacokinetics of rocuronium during liver transplantation and examined whether variability in pharmacokinetics could explain variability in recovery of neuromuscular function. ⋯ Despite prolonged hypothermic ischemia, the newly transplanted liver eliminates rocuronium as well as the diseased native liver (and comparably with historical control values). However, some patients had decreased rocuronium Cl during the neohepatic period, apparently a result of prolonged graft warm ischemia. The authors' finding of preservation of hepatic drug elimination in the hepatic allograft is consistent with limited data for other drugs evaluated during anesthesia.