Anesthesia and analgesia
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2005
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialRocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in emergent cases.
When anesthesia is induced with propofol in elective cases, endotracheal intubation conditions are not different between succinylcholine and rocuronium approximately 60 s after the injection of the neuromuscular relaxant. In the present study, we investigated whether, in emergent cases, endotracheal intubation conditions obtained at the actual moment of intubation under succinylcholine differ from those obtained 60 s after the injection of rocuronium. One-hundred-eighty adult patients requiring rapid sequence induction of anesthesia for emergent surgery received propofol (1.5 mg/kg) and either rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg; endotracheal intubation 60 s after injection) or succinylcholine (1 mg/kg; endotracheal intubation as soon as possible). ⋯ Endotracheal intubation conditions, rated with a 9-point scale, were better after succinylcholine administration than after rocuronium (8.6 +/- 1.1 versus 8.0 +/- 1.5; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in patients with poor intubation conditions (7 versus 12) or in patients with failed first intubation attempt (4 versus 5) between the groups. We conclude that during rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in emergent cases, succinylcholine allows for a more rapid endotracheal intubation sequence and creates superior intubation conditions compared with rocuronium.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2005
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialAlkalinization of intracuff lidocaine: efficacy and safety.
When alkalinized lidocaine instead of air is used to fill the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff, coughing, and bucking are decreased during extubation when ventilation is controlled with N2O. However, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) used to transform lidocaine hydrochloride (L-HCl) to lidocaine base induces a pH increase that could be irritating for mucosa in the case of cuff rupture. Therefore, we determined, in a randomized controlled study with controlled patient ventilation without N2O, whether the smallest concentrations of NaHCO3 (1.4% versus 8.4%) reduced diffusion (in vitro evaluation) and other secondary clinical benefits. ⋯ This increase in ETT tolerance was confirmed by the analysis of secondary end-points. No laryngospasm, rupture of ETT cuff, or depression of the swallowing reflex were recorded. A decrease in sore throat during the postoperative period was recorded when the cuff was inflated with a small dose of alkalinized lidocaine (i.e., 40 mg of L-HCl and 1.4% of NaHCO3) rather than with air when ventilation was controlled without N2O.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2005
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialOndansetron, orally disintegrating tablets versus intravenous injection for prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced nausea, vomiting, and pruritus in young males.
In this study we compared the efficacy of orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) and IV ondansetron for preventing spinal morphine-induced pruritus and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in healthy young male patients. Patients who received bupivacaine with 0.20 mg morphine for spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to the ODT group (ODT ondansetron 8 mg, n = 50), the IV group (4 mg ondansetron IV, n = 50), or the placebo group (n = 50). Each individual was assessed for pruritus, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain at 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after surgery using three distinct visual analog scales. ⋯ Only the ODT group had significantly lower mean pruritus visual analog scale scores at 0, 2, 6, and 12 h postsurgery than the placebo group (P < 0.023 for all). The frequency of requirement for rescue antipruritic was significantly less in the ODT group than the placebo group (P = 0.013). Both ODT ondansetron 8 mg and IV ondansetron 4 mg are more effective than placebo for preventing spinal morphine-induced pruritus, but neither form of this agent reduces spinal morphine-induced postoperative nausea and vomiting in this patient group.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2005
The predictive value of the height ratio and thyromental distance: four predictive tests for difficult laryngoscopy.
Preoperative evaluation of anatomical landmarks and clinical factors help identify potentially difficult laryngoscopies; however, predictive reliability is unclear. Because the ratio of height to thyromental distance (RHTMD) has a demonstrably better predictive value than the thyromental distance (TMD), we evaluated the predictive value and odds ratios of RHTMD versus mouth opening, TMD, neck movement, and oropharyngeal view (modified Mallampati). We collected data on 550 consecutive patients scheduled for elective-surgery general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation and then assessed all five factors before surgery. ⋯ In the multivariate analysis, three criteria were found independent for difficult laryngoscopy (neck movement < or =80 degrees; Mallampati Class 3 or 4, and RHTMD > or =23.5). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the RHTMD, Mallampati class, and neck movement were 6.72 (3.29-13.72), 2.96 (1.63-5.35), and 2.73 (1.14-6.51), respectively. The odds ratio for RHTMD was the largest and thus may prove a useful screening test for difficult laryngoscopy.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2005
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialThe efficacy of plethysmographic pulse wave amplitude as an indicator for intravascular injection of epinephrine-containing epidural test dose in anesthetized adults.
In this study, I evaluated the efficacy of plethysmographic pulse wave amplitude (PPWA) in detecting intravascular injection of a simulated epidural test dose containing 15 microg of epinephrine in adults during either sevoflurane or isoflurane inhaled anesthesia and compared its reliability to the classical heart rate (HR; positive if > or =10 bpm) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; positive if > or =15 mm Hg) criteria. Eighty patients were randomized to receive either 1 mean alveolar anesthetic concentration of sevoflurane or 1 mean alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane (n = 40 for each anesthesia group). Patients in each anesthesia group microg of epinephrine IV or 3 mL of saline IV (n = 20 each). ⋯ Using this value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of PPWA were 100% in both anesthetic groups. On the contrary, sensitivities of 85% and 95% were obtained based on HR criterion in the sevoflurane and isoflurane patients, respectively, and a sensitivity of 90% was obtained in both anesthesia groups on the basis of SBP criterion. In conclusion, PPWA is a reliable alternative to conventional hemodynamic criteria for detection of an intravascular injection of epidural test dose.