Anesthesia and analgesia
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Oct 2020
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity in Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellowship and Anesthesiology Residency Programs in the United States: Small Reservoir, Leaky Pipeline.
The critical question of racial and gender diversity in pediatric anesthesia training programs has not been previously explored. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate trends by race/ethnicity and gender in pediatric anesthesiology fellowship training programs in the United States for the years 2000 to 2018. ⋯ While historic gains have been made in gender diversity in pediatric anesthesiology, there is persistent underrepresentation of black and Hispanic trainees in pediatric anesthesiology. It appears that their low numbers in anesthesiology residency programs (the reservoir) may be partly responsible. Efforts to increase ethnic/racial diversity in pediatric anesthesiology fellowship and anesthesiology residency training programs are urgently needed.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Oct 2020
Influence of an "Electroencephalogram-Based" Monitor Choice on the Delay Between the Predicted Propofol Effect-Site Concentration and the Measured Drug Effect.
Clinicians can optimize propofol titration by using 2 sources of pharmacodynamic (PD) information: the predicted effect-site concentration for propofol (Ceprop) and the electroencephalographically (EEG) measured drug effect. Relation between these sources should be time independent, that is, perfectly synchronized. In reality, various issues corrupt time independency, leading to asynchrony or, in other words, hysteresis. This asynchrony can lead to conflicting information, making effective drug dosing challenging. In this study, we tried to quantify and minimize the hysteresis between the Ceprop (calculated using the Schnider model for propofol) and EEG measured drug effect, using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM). Further, we measured the influence of EEG-based monitor choice, namely Bispectral index (BIS) versus qCON index (qCON) monitor, on propofol PD hysteresis. ⋯ There is a significant "Ceprop versus EEG measured drug effect" hysteresis. Not accounting for it leads to conflicting PD information and false high Ce50 for propofol in both monitors. Adding a lag term improved the PD model performance, improved the "pump-monitor" synchrony, and made the estimates of Ce50 for propofol more realistic and less monitor dependent.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Oct 2020
Observational StudyModerate-to-Deep Sedation Using Target-Controlled Infusions of Propofol and Remifentanil: Adverse Events and Risk Factors: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 2937 Procedures.
In the University Medical Center Groningen in Groningen, the Netherlands, moderate-to-deep sedation is provided by nursing staff trained and supervised by the anesthesia department using protocol-based target-controlled infusions (TCIs) of propofol and remifentanil. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the incidence of events with potential adverse health consequences within this service model and the risk factors for the occurrence of these events. ⋯ Moderate-to-deep sedation by propofol and remifentanil TCI has a low incidence of catastrophic and severe events.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Oct 2020
ReviewCase Studies Using the Electroencephalogram to Monitor Anesthesia-Induced Brain States in Children.
For this child, at this particular moment, how much anesthesia should I give? Determining the drug requirements of a specific patient is a fundamental problem in medicine. Our current approach uses population-based pharmacological models to establish dosing. However, individual patients, and children in particular, may respond to drugs differently. ⋯ In this article, we describe how EEG monitoring could be used to guide anesthetic management in pediatric patients. We review previous evidence and present multiple case studies showing how drug-specific and dose-dependent EEG signatures seen in adults are visible in children and infants, including those with neurological disorders. We propose that the EEG can be used in the anesthetic care of children to enable anesthesiologists to better assess the drug requirements of individual patients in real time and improve patient safety and experience.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Oct 2020
Hydroxyethyl Starch 6% 130/0.4 in a Balanced Electrolyte Solution and Renal Function After Nephrectomy.
Although previous studies have reported nephrotoxicity associated with hydroxyethyl starch (HES), the long-term effect of HES on renal function after nephrectomy has rarely been reported. We evaluated the association between intraoperative HES administration and short- and long-term renal function after nephrectomy. ⋯ Intraoperative 6% HES 130/0.4 administration was not significantly associated with short- and long-term renal function or renal survival up to 5 years in patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy. However, wide CI including large harm effect precludes firm conclusion and inadequate assessment of safety cannot be ruled out by our results.