Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
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J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. · Aug 2015
Sur1-Trpm4 Cation Channel Expression in Human Cerebral Infarcts.
The nonselective monovalent cation channel transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (Trpm4) is transcriptionally upregulated in neural and vascular cells in animal models of brain infarction. It associates with sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1) to form Sur1-Trpm4 channels, which have critical roles in cytotoxic edema, cell death, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and vasogenic edema. We examined Trpm4 expression in postmortem brain specimens from 15 patients who died within the first 31 days of the onset of focal cerebral ischemia. ⋯ Upregulated Trpm4 protein was present up to 1 month after the onset of cerebral ischemia. In a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke, pharmacologic channel blockade by glibenclamide, a selective inhibitor of sulfonylurea receptor, mitigated perivascular tumor necrosis factor labeling. Thus, upregulated Sur1-Trpm4 channels and associated blood-brain barrier disruption and cerebral edema suggest that pharmacologic targeting of this channel may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of patients with cerebral ischemia.
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J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. · Mar 2015
Components of myelin damage and repair in the progression of white matter pathology after mild traumatic brain injury.
White matter tracts are highly vulnerable to damage from impact-acceleration forces of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mild TBI is characterized by a low density of traumatic axonal injury, whereas associated myelin pathology is relatively unexplored. We examined the progression of white matter pathology in mice after mild TBI with traumatic axonal injury localized in the corpus callosum. ⋯ Excessively long myelin figures, similar to redundant myelin sheaths, were a significant feature at all post-TBI time points. At 6 weeks post-TBI, microglial activation and astrogliosis were localized to areas of axon and myelin pathology. These studies show that demyelination, remyelination, and excessive myelin are components of white matter degeneration and recovery in mild TBI with traumatic axonal injury.
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Neuropathology and neurologic impairment were characterized in a clinically relevant canine model of hypothermic (18°C) circulatory arrest (HCA) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Adult dogs underwent 2 hours of HCA (n = 39), 1 hour of HCA (n = 20), or standard CPB (n = 22) and survived 2, 8, 24, or 72 hours. Neurologic impairment and neuropathology were much more severe after 2-hour HCA than after 1-hour HCA or CPB; histopathology and neurologic deficit scores were significantly correlated. ⋯ Neuronal injury was minimal up to 24 hours after 1-hour HCA, but 1 dog that survived to 72 hours showed substantial necrosis in the hippocampus, suggesting that, with longer survival time, the injury was worse. Although neuronal injury was minimal after CPB, we observed rare apoptotic and necrotic neurons in hippocampi and caudate nuclei. These results have important implications for CPB in humans and may help explain the subtle cognitive changes experienced by patients after CPB.
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J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. · Aug 2014
Conditional overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances hippocampal neurogenesis and restores immature neuron dendritic processes after traumatic brain injury.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with neuronal damage or neuronal death in the hippocampus, a region critical for cognitive function. Immature neurons within the hippocampal neurogenic niche are particularly susceptible to TBI. Therapeutic strategies that protect immature hippocampal neurons or enhance posttraumatic neurogenesis may be advantageous for promoting functional recovery after TBI. ⋯ In wild-type mice, dendrites of immature neurons exhibited significant decreases in total length and number of bifurcations at 10 days after injury versus neurons in sham-injured mice. In contrast, the morphology of immature neuron dendrites in brain-injured IGF-1-overexpressing mice was equivalent to that in sham controls. These data provide compelling evidence that IGF-1 promotes neurogenesis after TBI.