The Medical clinics of North America
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Med. Clin. North Am. · May 2023
ReviewChronic Hepatitis B Virus: What an Internist Needs to Know: Serologic Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a bloodborne infection which affects approximately 1.6 million persons in the U. S. and 292 million persons worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. ⋯ Chronic HBV is diagnosed with positive HBsAg and detectable HBV DNA. Patients with immunoactive disease (elevated HBV DNA and serum ALT) may require antiviral therapy with peg-interferon or oral nucleos(t)ide analogues which suppress viral replication, and are associated with a decreased risk for liver events.
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Patients with cirrhosis frequently require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Common indications for admission to ICU include one or more reasons of sepsis, shock due to any cause, acute gastrointestinal bleeding, and altered mentation either due to hepatic encephalopathy, alcohol withdrawal/intoxication, or metabolic encephalopathy. ⋯ The Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability (ABCD) approach to a patient admitted to ICU includes airway, breathing, circulation, and disability management. In this review, the authors discuss the common indications for ICU admission in a patient with cirrhosis and also their management.
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Med. Clin. North Am. · May 2023
ReviewHepatic Encephalopathy: Diagnostic Tools and Management Strategies.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is brain dysfunction secondary to liver insufficiency or portosystemic shunting. HE is a major burden on patients and caregivers, impairs quality of life and is associated with higher mortality. ⋯ Better tools are needed to prognosticate which patients will go on to develop HE but microbiome and metabolomic-driven strategies are promising. Here we review methods to prevent the HE development and admissions.
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Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving and evidence-based intervention for patients with acute liver failure and chronic end-stage liver disease. Significant progress has been made in advancing pre-LT management, transplant techniques, post-LT long-term care, and immunosuppression regimes. However, as rates of DC continue to increase, causes of liver disease and indications for LT continue to be investigated to ensure equity and further improve liver allocation models, waitlist outcomes, and post-LT outcomes for all patient populations.