The Medical clinics of North America
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. The main risk factor is advancing age, with the severity of vision loss ranging from mild to severe. ⋯ Physicians should be aware of the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options for AMD to refer appropriately for ophthalmologic evaluation. Early detection can be helpful to prevent disease progression.
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Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The global prevalence of glaucoma in people aged 40 to 80 years is estimated to be 3.5%. ⋯ In most cases, glaucoma is a chronic condition that requires lifelong management. This article reviews the pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of glaucoma.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate the immune system to combat cancer. In doing so, however, they can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including rheumatic syndromes, such as inflammatory arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and myositis. This article reviews rheumatic irAEs that may be encountered in the general medicine practice and provides guidance to support prompt recognition, referral, and treatment of these patients.