JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association
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Comparative Study
Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City. The Pre-Hospital Arrest Survival Evaluation (PHASE) Study.
To determine survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City and to compare this with other urban, suburban, and rural areas. ⋯ Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City was poor. This was partly attributable to lengthy elapsed time intervals at every step in the chain of survival. However, examination of survival among arrests occurring after emergency medical services arrival suggests that other features may predispose residents of large cities to higher cardiac arrest mortality than individuals living in more suburban or rural settings. Since half the US population resides in large metropolitan areas, this represents a public health problem of considerable magnitude.
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Meta Analysis
Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature.
To quantify the efficacy of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). ⋯ On average, BCG vaccine significantly reduces the risk of TB by 50%. Protection is observed across many populations, study designs, and forms of TB. Age at vaccination did not enhance predictiveness of BCG efficacy. Protection against tuberculous death, meningitis, and disseminated disease is higher than for total TB cases, although this result may reflect reduced error in disease classification rather than greater BCG efficacy.