Bulletin of the World Health Organization
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Bull. World Health Organ. · Jan 1969
ReviewCodeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief. 2. Alternates for pain relief.
This report-the second of a series on codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief-contains a detailed evaluation of experimental and clinical data on newer substances having analgesic properties comparable to and in approximately the same range as those of codeine. The data are discussed under the headings: analgesic effects in animals; clinical usefulness; side-effects with particular reference to dependence and abuse liability.
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Bull. World Health Organ. · Jan 1964
TWELVE ISOLATIONS OF ZIKA VIRUS FROM AEDES (STEGOMYIA) AFRICANUS (THEOBALD) TAKEN IN AND ABOVE A UGANDA FOREST.
In continuation of a series of studies of arboreal mosquitos as virus vectors in Uganda, 12 strains of Zika virus and one strain of another Group B arbovirus were isolated between November 1961 and June 1963 from pools of Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus caught on a 120-foot (36.5-m) tower in Zika forest. For five strains it is known at what height the mosquitos were caught: one was from mosquitos taken at ground level, and the other four were from mosquitos taken in or above the upper canopy after sunset. No small mammal trapped in the forest either on the ground or in the trees showed serum antibody for Zika virus. These findings suggest that in Zika forest, A. (S.) africanus becomes infected from a virus reservoir that is probably not among the small animals tested and that infected mosquitos are liable to be spread widely beyond the forest by convection currents above the tree-tops in the first two or three hours after sunset.
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Bull. World Health Organ. · Jan 1959
Evaluation of the health hazards involved in house-spraying with DDT.
The dermal and respiratory exposure of workers during house-spraying operations has been measured to find out the main factors affecting the exposure, and to develop effective, acceptable protective measures and clothing. Dermal exposure was found to be much greater than respiratory exposure. The major factors affecting exposure with a single concentration of formulation appeared to be spray-pump pressure, height of area being sprayed, and absorbency of surface. ⋯ A plastic cape, a hard hat with a plastic visor, and rubberized gauntlet gloves gave a fully clothed man almost complete protection from dermal and respiratory exposure. A tropical helmet equipped with a plastic-netting veil is proposed for field testing. This equipment gave good protection of the shoulders, back, and chest and excellent protection of the face and neck.