Pain
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Although evidence reveals that self-efficacy is associated with disability in people with pain, there is less known about this relationship in primary care settings and no published information in general population samples. This study aimed to assess the relationship between pain, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, psychological distress and disability in a general population sample. A randomly selected sample from electoral registers of the lower North Island of New Zealand was mailed a survey questionnaire. ⋯ This interaction was not observed for health self-efficacy. General self-efficacy was more strongly related to psychological distress and this association was not influenced by pain status. Health-related quality of life was associated with health self-efficacy but not general self-efficacy.
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The influence of potential prognostic factors (occupant- and crash-related factors, initial neck pain intensity and headache, whiplash injury severity, helplessness, locus of control, socioeconomic status) on neck pain intensity (VAS), disability (DRI), anxiety and depression (HADS) was estimated in a cohort of 3704 subjects with whiplash injury following a motor vehicle crash. Questionnaires were administered (baseline, 1-, 6-, 12-, 24-month follow-ups). VAS was trichotomized; "low" (0-30), "moderate" (31-54), "severe" (55-100). ⋯ Locus of control was not a factor of importance. In contrast, helplessness was related to all outcomes, but was most pronounced regarding neck pain intensity and depression for subjects with severe initial neck pain (OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.9-7.8; OR 6.6; 95% CI 2.6-17.0). Associations seem to be established early, and then to be relatively constant over time.