Pain
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The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and patterns associated with past-year medical use, medical misuse, and nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) among adolescents over a 2-year time period and to examine substance abuse, sleeping problems, and physical pain symptoms associated with these patterns of medical use, medical misuse, and NMUPO. A Web-based survey was self-administered by a longitudinal sample of 2050 middle and high school students in 2009-2010 (Year 1) and again in 2010-2011 (Year 2). The study was set in 2 southeastern Michigan school districts. ⋯ Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of a positive screen for substance abuse in Year 2 were greater for adolescents who reported medical misuse or NMUPO for non-pain-relief motives in Year 1 compared with those who did not use prescription opioids. The findings indicate an increased risk for substance abuse among adolescents who report medical misuse or NMUPO for non-pain-relief motives over time. The findings have important clinical implications for interventions to reduce medical misuse and NMUPO among adolescents.
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The course of preclinical pain symptoms sheds light on the etiology and prognosis of chronic pain. We aimed to quantify rates of developing initial and recurrent symptoms of painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and to evaluate associations with health behaviors. In the OPPERA prospective cohort study, 2,719 individuals aged 18 to 44years with lifetime absence of TMD when enrolled completed 25,103 quarterly (3-monthly) questionnaires during a median 2.3-year follow-up period. ⋯ The probability of TMD symptoms was strongly associated with concurrent episodes of headache and body pain and with past episodes of TMD symptoms. Episodes of TMD symptoms, headache, and body pain were associated with increases of ∼10% in probability of analgesic use and health care attendance. Yet, even when TMD, headache, and body pain occurred concurrently, 27% of study subjects neither attended health care nor used analgesics.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist in posttraumatic neuralgia.
We evaluated the analgesic efficacy, safety and tolerability of a novel chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist, AZD2423, in posttraumatic neuralgia. This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicentre study. One hundred thirty-three patients with posttraumatic neuralgia were equally randomized to 28days' oral administration of 20mg AZD2423, 150mg AZD2423 or placebo. ⋯ The CCR2 antagonist AZD2423 demonstrated no efficacy on NRS average pain scores and most of the secondary pain variables. The NPSI data suggested possible effects on certain sensory components of pain. There were no major safety or tolerability concerns.
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This study investigated the effect on observer responses of the presence/absence of information about medical evidence for pain and psychosocial influences on the patient's pain experience. Additionally, the moderating role of the patient's pain expressions and the mediating role of the observer's belief in deception and evaluation of the patient was examined. Sixty-two participants were presented with videos of 4 patients, each accompanied by a vignette describing the presence or absence of both medical evidence for the pain and psychosocial influences on the patient's pain. ⋯ The results indicate that discounting pain in the absence of medical evidence may involve negative evaluation of the patient. Further, the patient's pain expression is a moderating variable, and psychosocial influences negatively impact the degree to which patients' self-reports are taken into account. The results indicate that contextual information impacts observer responses to pain.