Addictive behaviors
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In the past decade, prevention science has emerged as a discipline built on the integration of life course development research, community epidemiology, and preventive intervention trials [Am. Psychol. 48 (1993) 1013; Am. J. ⋯ San Francisco: Jossey-Bass]. The CTC system is widely implemented, and process evaluations of CTC suggest that it can assist communities to develop more effective prevention systems. This paper describes the background and use of the CTC operating system and results of evaluations of implementation of the system.
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Addictive behaviors · Mar 1996
The organizational implications of smokeless tobacco use in the lumber mill industry.
Although much is known about the characteristics of employees who smoke cigarettes, very little is known about workers who use smokeless tobacco. The current study was designed to understand the characteristics of smokeless tobacco users in relation to their performance at work and compare them with smokers and former tobacco users. Data were collected via interviews and questionnaires from a random sample of employees working at Pacific Lumber Company (N = 146), the largest single-site lumber mill in California. ⋯ Analyses revealed that smokeless tobacco users reported less healthful sleep patterns, drank alcohol more often, were intoxicated more often, reported less job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and reported that both chewers and smokers do not work as hard and take more breaks than do tobacco-free employees (quitters). Specific differences among chewers-only, smokers-only, smokers-and-chewers, and quitters are presented. Results suggest the organizational value of developing worksite cessation programs for smokeless tobacco users.
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Addictive behaviors · Jul 1994
Prevalence, patterns, and correlates of spit tobacco use in a college athlete population.
We surveyed varsity athletes (N = 1,328) in 16 California colleges about their patterns of spit (smokeless) tobacco (ST) use, related habits, reasons for use, and preferred methods for quitting. Prevalence of use was analyzed by sport and demographic characteristics, and patterns of use in players using snuff exclusively, using chewing tobacco exclusively, and those using both were compared. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, adjusting for ethnic group. ⋯ Snuff users indicated a greater perceived need for ST, but also were more ready to quit. These data suggest ST programs with prevention and cessation components are appropriate for high school as well as college athletes. Such interventions should focus on baseball players, distinguish snuff from chewing tobacco users in planning quit strategies, integrate intervention programs for cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, provide training in refusal skills, and attempt to change social norms in support of ST use by integrating popular peers and significant others (e.g., wives/girlfriends) to endorse nonuse of ST.
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Addictive behaviors · Jul 1994
Planning a spit tobacco cessation intervention: identification of beliefs associated with addiction.
We examine the relationship between beliefs regarding spit tobacco (ST) use and addiction among 473 male college athletes who currently use ST. Beliefs were assessed using methods prescribed by the Theory of Reasoned Action. ⋯ We found that with increasing addiction level, athletes were significantly more likely to believe that "ST helps me relax," "ST keeps me alert," "ST tastes good," and "ST is addicting." All athletes believed that clinicians, parents, and girlfriends do not approve of their ST use, but that male peers, coaches, and professional athletes are fairly indifferent about it. To increase quit rates, highly addicted ST users may require an intensive cessation program including nicotine replacement to overcome symptoms of withdrawal, oral substitutes for the enjoyable taste of ST, and the support of male peers and athletes who influence their social norms.
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Addictive behaviors · Jan 1993
Comparative StudyA sequential behavioral analysis of craving sweets in obese women.
This study compared 40 female participants in a behavioral weight loss program who frequently reported craving sweets to 40 who rarely reported craving sweets using 2-week behavioral eating diaries. The two groups were compared on physiological, demographic, and questionnaire measures and no significant differences were found. There were no significant differences in macronutrient intake either overall or in a wide range of specific situations. ⋯ A sequential analysis demonstrated that eating in response to craving sweets triggers an abstinence violation effect. These data are not consistent with the hypothesis that sweet craver's consume high-carbohydrate, low-protein meals and snacks in order to self-medicate depression caused by serotonin depletion. Instead, the data suggest that we should further explore the role of food palatability and food-related cognitions in order to understand craving sweets.