Spine
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The authors report a case of an atlas fracture at the anterior arch. ⋯ On plain radiographs, fractures of the atlas and anterior aspect in particular may remain occult. Accurate diagnosis of atlas fractures depends on further radiologic investigations including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Experience in treating atlas fractures is insufficient because of a paucity of literature. Immobilization with a firm cervical collar is the treatment of choice in stable atlas fracture.
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A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging investigation of lumbar disc degeneration in asymptomatic individuals was conducted. ⋯ The results indicate that the extent of disc herniation, the lack of sports activities, and night shift work are significant risk factors for the development of lumbar disc degeneration and its progression.
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A prospective test-retest study was conducted to investigate both new and follow-up patients with low back pain presenting to an orthopedic surgeon specializing in back pain. ⋯ The Low Back Outcome Score appears to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability for use in clinical practice.
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A cross-sectional study was conducted. ⋯ Daily backpack carrying is a frequent cause of discomfort for schoolchildren. There is an association between this load and back pain, although the relationship is not direct. The results suggest the existence of personal physical and psychological factors that need to be investigated. Reduction of the daily backpack load borne by schoolchildren is recommended both on the basis of the current results and because it exceeds, proportionally, the legal load limits set for adults. All the different parties involved (school system, parents, children) play a role, and if the aim is to reduce this "weight of culture," all should be targeted through specific interventions. Recommendations are supplied for the achievement of this aim.
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Normal and spondylolytic pediatric spine movements with reference to instantaneous axis of rotation.
A radiologic study of lumbar kinematics in the pediatric spine was conducted. ⋯ The instantaneous axis of rotation deviated cranially as the stage of pars defects advanced, and as the wedge deformity increased. Kinematic alteration of the lumbar spine in pediatric patients with spondylolysis may affect chondrocytes of the endplate, perhaps contributing to the consequent spine deformities occurring secondarily to spondylolysis.