Spine
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Retrospective analysis using national administrative data. ⋯ 4.
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Laboratory study. ⋯ RANTES and IL-1β expression was significantly elevated in painful IVDs after careful selection of painless versus painful IVD tissue. RANTES expression was found to correlate significantly with expression of IL-1β. RANTES was upregulated by IL-1β/TNF-α/1% fetal bovine serum an in vitro treatment to induce a degenerative phenotype.