Spine
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Spinal technology involves imaging, navigation, and robotics-collectively known as "image-guided therapy." Imaging coupled with navigation enhances visualization of irregular anatomy, enabling less invasive procedures. With robotics surgeons can perform quicker and safer hand movements with increased accuracy. In the 1890s, X-rays were invented by Roentgen. ⋯ In the 1950s, fluoroscopy (C-arm) was invented. In the 1970s, computer-assisted tomography (CAT), known as CAT scan, became available; magnetic resonance imaging had its beginnings in the 1980s, and in 1985, the first robotic surgery was performed to obtain a neurosurgical biopsy specimen. The concept of navigation was introduced in the 1990s, and today's niche products for navigation came onto the market in the 2000s.
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Medical textbooks present the pelvis and the spine as distinct entities-an unfortunate practice that does not reflect the crucial and critical role that the pelvis plays in regulating spino-pelvic alignment. Researchers are working to delineate this role. ⋯ To quantify pelvic morphology, Legaye introduced the pelvic incidence angle (PI) and espoused the theory that this angle regulates sagittal curvature of the spine. The PI is formed from 2 lines: line 1, perpendicular to the sacrum from the midline of the sacral plate, aims to quantify spatial orientation and dictate the lumbar curve; line 2, extending from the midline of the sacrum to the midpoint between femoral heads, illustrates the importance of sacral position inside the pelvis (SDC Figure 1, http://links.lww.com/BRS/B99).
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Multicenter Study Comparative Study
A Multicenter Comparison of Inpatient Resource Use for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.
Multicenter, retrospective analysis, prospective database, consecutive case series. ⋯ 3.