Spine
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Researchers are seeking ways to heal bone better and faster. Cellular grafts can accelerate bone healing and promote bone formation. Immediately after injury, blood clot formation yields inflammatory cells; an influx of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteogenic cells follows. ⋯ Osteoinduction stimulates stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and promotes cell migration. Osteoinductive agents include demineralized bone matrices () and bone morphogenetic proteins, which are extremely potent but are associated with risks and high costs. Amniotic tissue is relatively unregulated and has strong anti-inflammatory effects but has not been well studied in relation to bone formation and healing.
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A retrospective study. ⋯ 4.
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Spinal technology involves imaging, navigation, and robotics-collectively known as "image-guided therapy." Imaging coupled with navigation enhances visualization of irregular anatomy, enabling less invasive procedures. With robotics surgeons can perform quicker and safer hand movements with increased accuracy. In the 1890s, X-rays were invented by Roentgen. ⋯ In the 1950s, fluoroscopy (C-arm) was invented. In the 1970s, computer-assisted tomography (CAT), known as CAT scan, became available; magnetic resonance imaging had its beginnings in the 1980s, and in 1985, the first robotic surgery was performed to obtain a neurosurgical biopsy specimen. The concept of navigation was introduced in the 1990s, and today's niche products for navigation came onto the market in the 2000s.
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Expert opinion. ⋯ 5.
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A retrospective review. ⋯ 3.