Spine
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Retrospective case-control study. ⋯ 3.
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Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database. ⋯ 3.
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Retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database years 2010 to 2015. ⋯ 3.
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Retrospective register-based study using Swedish registers and data prospectively collected in quality register Swespine. ⋯ 3.
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Observational Study
Preoperative Chronic Opioid Therapy Negatively Impacts Long Term Outcomes Following Cervical Fusion Surgery.
Retrospective, observational. ⋯ 3.