Lung
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The pulmonary physician-scientist has a special niche to generate basic research findings and apply them to a clinical disease and perhaps impact its medical care. The availability of new high throughput-based scientific technologies in the "omics era" has made this an opportune time for physician scientists to prepare and embark on an academic career in respiratory disease research. However, maintaining an adequate flow through the research pipeline of physician-scientist investigators studying respiratory system diseases is currently a challenge. ⋯ Participants included representatives from the various pulmonary training programs, respiratory-related professional societies, and NHLBI staff. Deliberation centered on present barriers that might affect interest in pursuing research training, devising better incentives to attract more trainees, and how current research support offered by the NHLBI and the Professional Societies (in partnership with Industry and Patient Support groups) might be better coordinated and optimized to ensure a continued pipeline of pulmonary investigators. Major recommendations offered are: (1) Attract trainees to pulmonary/critical care medicine-based research careers by increasing research exposure and opportunities for high school, college, and medical students. (2) Increase awareness of the outstanding physician-scientist role models in the lung community for trainees. (3) Facilitate mechanisms by which the lung community (NHLBI, professional societies, and partners) can better support and bridge senior fellows as they transition from Institutional Training Grants (T32) to Career Series (K) awards in their early faculty career development.
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The adequacy of the pipeline of advanced pulmonary fellows to supply appropriately trained and committed researchers to enter academic careers was the major topic of a recently held National Heart Lung and Blood Institute NHLBI Workshop: Respiratory Medicine-Related Research Training for Adult and Pediatric Fellows. The special challenges and opportunities for the academic pediatric pulmonary trainee were discussed as part of this workshop and are presented as a companion article to the report by the full workshop. Surveys were conducted of pediatric chairs of academic departments and pediatric pulmonary training directors in the United States to examine the current status and opportunities for the pediatric pulmonary trainee. Strategies for recruitment and retention of talented young trainees and junior faculty are proposed.
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The Lung Allocation Score (LAS), devised to prioritize candidates awaiting lung transplantation (LTX), is calculated using the predicted duration of survival on the wait list while also considering the recipient's likelihood of post-transplant survival. This score is generated based, in part, on the severity of the candidate's comorbid illnesses. The actual relationship between the LAS and survival is unknown. ⋯ In this cohort the LAS did not exhibit significant association with 1-year post-transplant survival (P = 0.58, beta = -0.25). As might be anticipated by virtue of its calculation being based in part on the existence and severity of comorbid conditions, a lower LAS was associated with improved survival to transplantation in LTX candidates with COPD. However, the pretransplant calculation of the LAS was not associated with actual post-transplant survival.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Subjective sleep quality during average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) ventilation in patients with hypercapnic COPD: a physiological pilot study.
The aim of this short-term, single-blind, randomized, crossover study was to evaluate night-time efficacy of and compliance and physiological responses to average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) versus pressure support (PS) ventilation. AVAPS or PS ventilation was delivered to nine stable hypercapnic COPD patients via a mask over two 5-day periods during consecutive weeks. The Synchrony ventilator was used to deliver mask ventilation as follows: 8 ml/kg of ideal body weight (as the targeted inspiratory tidal volume) with IPAP ranging from EPAP up to 30 cmH(2)O for AVAPS, and the patient's highest tolerated IPAP level for PS. ⋯ PaCO(2) and comfort VAS similarly improved for both modalities, whereas the SE score significantly improved at T2 with AVAPS (from 5.1 +/- 2.0 to 4.1 +/- 2.2, P = 0.001) but not with PS (from 5.1 +/- 1.7 to 4.7 +/- 1.3, P = 0.219). No difference in mean usage was found between the two modalities. Mask AVAPS is as comfortable and effective as PS at reducing respiratory acidosis but produces better perceived sleep efficiency in stable hypercapnic COPD patients.
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Patients with severe infections of the potential spaces of the head and neck are commonly managed in the ICU. These infections may present with devastating complications such as airway obstruction, jugular septic thrombophlebitis, lung abscess, upper airway abscess rupture with asphyxiation, mediastinitis, pericarditis, and septic shock. A thorough understanding of the anatomy and microbiology of these infections is essential for proper management of these patients. Retropharyngeal, danger, prevertebral, lateral pharyngeal, and submandibular space infections and their site-specific clinical manifestations, complications, and therapeutic interventions are discussed.