International orthopaedics
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The purpose of this study was to determine the location of the anterior humeral circumflex artery and axillary nerve based on bony landmarks, and to provide anatomical information that enables a safe approach when treating a proximal humeral fractures. ⋯ The artery is located approximately 5.1 cm below the inferior border of the medial acromion and 2.5 cm below the prominence of the lesser tuberosity, and the nerve was located approximately 6.3 cm below the anterio-inferior border of the acromion and 3.5 cm below the prominence of the greater tuberosity. The reduction manoeuvres should be conducted with extreme care in this region.
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Patellar height is an important factor in patellar tracking and alters the force of the patellofemoral joint reaction. Several methods for measuring patellar height ratio have been described, with no single method recognised as a gold standard. This study developed a new measurement method using a distal femoral reference, where the normal values of measurement are unaffected by varying angles of knee flexion. ⋯ The new patellar height ratio measurement method proved to be accurate and reproducible for evaluating a normal population. This method offered the benefit of using the distal femur as a reference landmark, and, thus, the resulting measurements were not altered by varying degrees of knee flexion.