MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report
-
MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. · Jul 2009
Case ReportsIntensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - Michigan, June 2009.
In April 2009, CDC reported the first two cases in the United States of human infection with a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. As of July 6, a total of 122 countries had reported 94,512 cases of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, 429 of which were fatal; in the United States, a total of 33,902 cases were reported, 170 of which were fatal. Cases of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection have included rapidly progressive lower respiratory tract disease resulting in respiratory failure, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) admission. ⋯ Of the 10 patients, nine were obese (body mass index [BMI] >or=30), including seven who were extremely obese (BMI =40); five had pulmonary emboli; and nine had multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Three patients died. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for severe complications of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, particularly in extremely obese patients.
-
MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. · May 2009
Federal and state cigarette excise taxes - United States, 1995-2009.
On April 1, 2009, the largest federal cigarette excise tax increase in history went into effect, bringing the combined federal and average state excise tax for cigarettes to $2.21 per pack and achieving the Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective (27-21a) to increase the combined federal and average state cigarette excise tax to at least $2 per pack. This report summarizes changes in the federal excise tax, as well as state excise taxes for all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) from December 31, 1995 to April 1, 2009. ⋯ These increases represent a 321% increase in the federal excise tax and a 267% increase in the average state excise tax since 1995. Price increases should be combined with other evidence-based policy and clinical interventions to meet HP2010 objectives to decrease smoking prevalence and reduce the burden from smoking-attributable death and disease.
-
MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. · May 2009
Case ReportsNovel influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in three pregnant women - United States, April-May 2009.
CDC first identified cases of respiratory infection with a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in the United States on April 15 and 17, 2009. During seasonal influenza epidemics and previous pandemics, pregnant women have been at increased risk for complications related to influenza infection. In addition, maternal influenza virus infection and accompanying hyperthermia place fetuses at risk for complications such as birth defects and preterm birth. ⋯ Pregnant women with confirmed, probable, or suspected novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection should receive antiviral treatment for 5 days. Oseltamivir is the preferred treatment for pregnant women, and the drug regimen should be initiated within 48 hours of symptom onset, if possible. Pregnant women who are in close contact with a person with confirmed, probable, or suspected novel influenza A (H1N1) infection should receive a 10-day course of chemoprophylaxis with zanamivir or oseltamivir.
-
MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. · May 2009
Pool chemical--associated health events in public and residential settings - United States, 1983-2007.
Swimming is the second most popular exercise in the United States, with approximately 339 million swimming visits to recreational water venues, including disinfected ones (e.g., pools, water parks, and interactive fountains), each year. Pool chemicals are added to the water in these venues to prevent transmission of infectious pathogens. These chemicals can cause injury when handled inappropriately or when operators fail to use appropriate personal protective equipment. ⋯ NYSDOH reported primarily summertime health events resulting in acute respiratory illness. NEISS and NPDS data revealed that pool chemical--associated injuries or exposures led to thousands of estimated annual emergency department (ED) visits or actual poison center consultations, respectively. These pool chemical--associated health events can be prevented through 1) improved design and engineering and 2) education and training that stresses safe pool-chemical handling and storage practices and safe and preventive maintenance of equipment.
-
MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. · Apr 2009
HIV-associated behaviors among injecting-drug users--23 Cities, United States, May 2005-February 2006.
Since the late 1980s, incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) has declined 80% among injecting-drug users (IDUs) in the United States; in 2006, an estimated 6,600 (12%) of new HIV infections occurred among IDUs. To assess HIV-associated behaviors among IDUs at risk for HIV infection, CDC analyzed data from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS) collected during May 2005--February 2006 (the most recent data available). The results of that analysis indicated that, during that period, 31.8% of participating IDUs reported sharing syringes, and 62.6% had unprotected vaginal sex; 71.5% had been tested for HIV, and 27.4% had participated in an HIV behavioral intervention. These data can help guide local, state, and national prevention services tailored to IDUs at risk for HIV infection and other bloodborne or sexually transmitted infections.