Neurosurgery
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The grading system for moyamoya disease is not established. ⋯ The Berlin grading system facilitates the stratification of clinical severity and predicting postoperative neurological morbidity in adult moyamoya disease, thereby suggesting its general usage in clinical practice.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem or stromal cells found in multiple tissues. Intravenous MSC injections have been used to treat various diseases with an inflammatory component in animals and humans. Inflammation is emerging as a key component of pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysms. Modulation of inflammation by MSCs may affect sustained inflammatory processes that lead to aneurysmal rupture. ⋯ Intravenous administration of MSCs after aneurysm formation prevented aneurysmal rupture in mice. The protective effect of MSCs against the development of aneurysm rupture appears to be mediated in part by the stabilization of mast cells by MSCs.