Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology
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Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol · Apr 1997
Classification system of complications in neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Our group treated 13 cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) over a period of 8 years. Based on the clinical severity of complications, the cases were classified into three types: mild, with no complications; moderate, with only respiratory disturbance; and severe, with respiratory disturbance and renal failure. ⋯ The proposed classification system for NMS patients is useful in selecting the appropriate therapeutic strategy for this disorder. The clinical data were analyzed to determine the factors in the process of deterioration in NMS.
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Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol · Dec 1996
Prevention of morphine discontinuation phenomenon in mice by ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist.
The effects of ondansetron, a highly potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in the prevention of tolerance to and dependence on morphine were studied in mice using a 9-day schedule. Chronic administration of morphine (10 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 9 days) produced tolerance to the analgesic effects and animals showed withdrawal jumps on day 10 when challenged with naloxone (2 mg/kg). ⋯ Repeated administration of ondansetron (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) for 9 days, however, attenuated the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine (10 mg/kg). The higher dose of ondansetron (0.1 mg/kg) also suppressed the development of morphine dependence as assessed by naloxone (2 mg/kg)-precipitated withdrawal on day 10 of testing.
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Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol · Apr 1996
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialRespiratory and analgesic effects of meperidine and tramadol in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.
The respiratory and analgesic effects of i.v. meperidine, tramadol and their correlation with plasma concentrations of meperidine, tramadol and O-demethyltramadol were determined. Forty-eight patients after total hip or knee replacement were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n = 16 each). At the time of analgesia request, they received in a double-blind manner, i.v. single doses of 100 mg meperidine, 100 mg tramadol, or saline. ⋯ A negative correlation (r = -0.99) between analgesia and tramadol concentrations and a poor positive correlation (r = +0.54) with O-demethyltramadol (a metabolite of tramadol) was observed. Pain intensity differences correlated negatively with meperidine plasma concentrations during the first 30 min (r = -0.97) and positively thereafter (r = +0.92). In the present study, meperidine and tramadol produced comparable analgesia, with a different time course profile, but meperidine induced sedation and respiratory depression while tramadol did not.
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The pharmacokinetics of ketorolac, a potent analgesic agent used for relief of moderate to severe pain, has been studied in rats who received oral doses of 1, 3.2 or 5.6 mg/kg of ketorolac tromethamine. Blood samples were obtained at selected times during 24 h after medication, and ketorolac concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. ⋯ Then, concentrations decayed with a half-life of about 6 h. A linear increase in Cmax and AUC as a function of the dose was observed, and not statistically significant difference was observed in AUC/dose or Cmax/dose between doses, indicating that pharmacokinetics of ketorolac is linear in the range of doses studied.