Journal of pediatric orthopedics
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Placement of an intrathecal baclofen pump is a common treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy patients. Though effective, the hardware is prone to malfunction, and multiple revisions are often necessary. Additional complications have also been described, including infection and drug toxicity or withdrawal. ⋯ A retrospective chart review was performed on four patients who showed accelerated scoliotic progression after intrathecal baclofen pump insertion for treatment of spasticity. Cobb angles were measured from preoperative and postoperative radiographs to determine the rate of scoliotic degeneration both before and after pump insertion. Although there may not be a direct correlation between intrathecal baclofen and scoliosis, the authors consider the issue important enough to warrant discussion with any patient considering intrathecal baclofen.
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Congenital pseudarthrosis of the ulna may cause growth disturbance and progressive forearm deformity, leading to functional compromise of the upper extremity. Treatment is challenging, and surgical decision making must take into account three goals of treatment: bony healing, distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) stability, and continued skeletal growth. Four cases of congenital ulnar pseudarthrosis treated with free vascularized fibular graft are presented here. ⋯ Two patients nearing skeletal maturity achieved revascularization of the distal ulna. Free vascularized fibular grafting is a successful option in the treatment of congenital ulnar pseudarthrosis. Reconstruction of the distal radioulnar and ulnocarpal joints using concomitant proximal fibular epiphyseal transfer should be considered in the skeletally immature patient with distal ulnar involvement.
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Pelvic fractures in children represent a unique set of patients for several reasons. Pediatric pelvic fractures are relatively uncommon and the long-term consequences of these fractures and their associated injuries often have a substantial impact on these patients for the rest of their lives. There is significant controversy regarding the appropriate approach toward the management of these injuries. ⋯ The main outcome of interest focused on mortality. With respect to patient information, the independent variables involved demographics (gender, age, race), type of injury (penetrating, blunt, crush), presence of head injury, injury severity indices (Injury Severity Score [ISS], Glasgow Coma Scale), and the Functional Independence Measure. After adjusting for confounding and interaction effects between these variables, only ISS and the type of hospital were determined to be significant in predicting survival.
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Case Reports
Entrapment neuropathy contributing to dysfunction after birth brachial plexus injuries.
Although surgical treatment of brachial plexus birth palsy has yielded encouraging results, persistent inability to abduct and elevate the shoulder is common even in children with excellent return of arm and hand function. The reason for deltoid weakness in the afflicted children is not completely understood and may be multifactorial. ⋯ At follow-up 6 months after surgery, increased shoulder range of motion was noticed in all, with significantly increased abduction/elevation in 8 of the 10 children. Analysis of data, including pre- and postoperative functional testing and intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring, led to the conclusion that secondary compression of the axillary nerve in the quadrangular space is a separate and common reason for impairment in children with brachial plexus birth palsy and persistent weakness of the deltoid muscle and may provide an important reason for early intervention.
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Comparative Study
Correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using thoracic pedicle screw fixation versus hook constructs.
This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness and cost of thoracic pedicle screws versus laminar and pedicle hooks in patients undergoing surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Immediate preoperative and 6-week postoperative radiographs were examined in 25 consecutive cases of children with AIS who were divided into two groups, those with thoracic pedicle screw constructs and those with thoracic hook constructs. Endpoints collected included radiographic measures, complications, surgical time, implant cost, and quality-of-life measures. ⋯ Screw constructs were significantly more expensive than hook constructs. The correction obtained from thoracic pedicle screw fixation is comparable to traditional hook constructs in AIS. Surgery using either construct effectively corrects AIS.