Pharmacotherapy
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To determine the effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of oral digoxin, a P-glycoprotein substrate not metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4, in healthy volunteers, and to assess whether polymorphic multidrug-resistance-1 (MDR1) expression contributes to interindividual variability in digoxin disposition. ⋯ Inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein does not appear to play an important role in drug interactions involving grapefruit juice. Interindividual variability in response to grapefruit juice may be related to the balance of intestinal drug uptake and efflux transport.
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A 48-year-old man with a history of ethanol abuse and bipolar disease fell asleep while smoking in an intoxicated state. The patient received a 30% total body surface area burn involving his face and upper torso that resulted in an inhalation injury. Several attempts at weaning from mechanical ventilation failed due to his extreme agitation, which was unresponsive to benzodiazepines, opiates, and antipsychotic agents. ⋯ Repeated attempts to discontinue propofol were associated with withdrawal symptoms such as severe agitation, tremors, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperpyrexia. His symptoms resolved only after each time the propofol infusion was restarted. The patient received propofol for 95 days for management of his agitation before dying from refractory septic shock and multiple organ failure.
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Much attention recently has focused on drugs that prolong the QT interval, potentially leading to fatal cardiac dysrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes). We provide a detailed review of the published evidence that supports or does not support an association between drugs and their risk of QT prolongation. ⋯ Drugs associated with QT prolongation are identified as having definite, probable, or proposed associations. The role of the clinician in the prevention and management of QT prolongation, drug-drug interactions that may occur with agents known to affect the QT interval, and the impact of this adverse effect on the regulatory process are addressed.
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To standardize treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in surgical patients using an AWS practice guideline with a symptom-triggered approach. ⋯ This pilot project suggests that trauma, orthopedic, and general surgery patients at risk for AWS can be safely and effectively managed with a standardized, symptom-triggered approach. Moreover, this approach decreased the amounts of benzodiazepines and haloperidol administered to patients at risk for AWS.
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To determine the reporting accuracy of true patient-related allergies to drugs in a large teaching institution (908 licensed beds), and to identify factors contributing to medication errors that involved drug allergies. Of particular interest was the accuracy of allergy information in the medical record and the occurrence of medication errors that involved penicillin antibiotics. ⋯ These results suggest a need for ensuring that prescribers review each patient's allergy profile before order entry.