Seminars in neurology
-
Several novel oral agents are emerging for use in multiple sclerosis (MS). Among these oral agents, teriflunomide is showing promise with respect to clinical efficacy and safety in relapsing MS patients. In this review, the authors clarify the role of teriflunomide in the context of current and emerging MS treatment options by summarizing salient points on the use of teriflunomide in MS, with a discussion of teriflunomide's development, pharmacologic properties, preclinical and clinical trials, and safety and tolerability.
-
Seminars in neurology · Nov 2012
Review Case ReportsStiff Person syndrome and other anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders.
Antibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are present in many patients with stiff person syndrome and increasingly found in patients with other symptoms indicative of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, such as ataxia. The classic clinical features of stiff person syndrome include muscular stiffness with superimposed painful muscular spasms. Gait is often impaired. ⋯ Presumably, antibodies directed against GAD impair GABA production, but the precise pathogenic mechanism of GAD-antibody-related neurologic disorders is uncertain. Many patients respond to treatment with immunomodulating therapy. Symptomatic treatment with agents that enhance GABA activity, such as benzodiazepines and baclofen, is also helpful for many patients.
-
Multifocal motor neuropathy is an acquired disorder in which demyelination of motor axons, presumably due to autoimmune attack, results in progressive painless weakness without sensory loss. Motor axonal damage also occurs. ⋯ Infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin is the initial treatment of choice, but other immunosuppressive treatments may also be effective. It appears that corticosteroids produce minimal benefit.