Clinics in sports medicine
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This article examines environmental illness in athletes. Causes, symptoms, and treatment of heat-related illness, cold-related illness, and altitude-related illness are discussed.
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Insomnia is a common sleep complaint even in young adults and has important daytime consequences. Several subjective and objective tools are recommended to assess the magnitude of the problem and to try to find a cause. Chronic insomnia is often caused by precipitating factors, such as acute stress, work conditions, illness, and travel, and perpetuating factors, such as poor sleep hygiene, anxiety, and medications. ⋯ Several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches are employed in the management of insomnia that have proven effective for short-term treatment. The pharmacologic approaches include the use of zolpidem and specific GABA agonists, benzodiazepines for specific indications, antidepressants, and melatonin. The nonpharmacologic approaches include stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation strategies, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
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Injuries to the biceps and triceps tendons about the elbow are relatively infrequent. Typically, they are traumatic events that occur as a result of a forceful eccentric contraction. Early recognition of these injuries and prompt intervention are the cornerstones to a successful outcome. ⋯ Conservative management, on the other hand, is typically reserved for partial injuries with little functional compromise, and for patients unfit for surgery. The challenges posed by chronic injuries can be addressed with a variety of surgical options. This article focuses on the timely identification and diagnosis of these injuries and specific indications and guidelines for their treatment.
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Elbow dislocations occur following acute trauma to the elbow with associated disruption of the ligamentous complexes of the elbow. Observations regarding the details of ligament injuries are presented. Clinical presentation, examination, and investigations are included. Details of the management of dislocations including management of complex cases that require repair or reconstruction of the ligamentous complexes are included.
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This article provides a review of current important issues in the management of athletes who have sustained a concussion during athletic competition. Recent research in the area of concussion management is reviewed with specific reference to the side line evaluation of concussion and the follow-up of the athlete during the recovery period. The use of neuropsychological testing in sports is also reviewed. A systematic protocol for the management of sports related concussion is presented.