Emergency medicine clinics of North America
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This article presents up-to-date information for the emergency medicine community on several patterns of facial fractures and their associated injuries. The article contains information about the anatomic structure and pathologic injuries that occur in the setting of facial trauma and guides the emergency medicine community in the thorough physical and diagnostic evaluation, emergent treatment, and proper surgical or outpatient treatment.
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Ocular inflammation and infection may involve any part of the eye and surrounding tissue. A complete examination, including visual acuity, extraocular movements, pupillary response, slit lamp examination, and fluorescein staining, is often required to establish the diagnosis. Pain relief may be achieved with oral analgesics and cycloplegics. In most cases, prompt follow-up is required.
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Trauma is one of the leading causes of monocular blindness worldwide. Recognizing, evaluating, and managing vision-threatening injuries, such as globe rupture, retrobulbar hemorrhage, intraocular foreign bodies, and hyphemas, are paramount for emergency physicians to reduce the risk of vision loss and other complications. Other emergent ocular complaints, such as acute-angle closure glaucoma, and retinal detachment also require temporizing emergency management that can reduce complications while awaiting definitive specialty care. Understanding these conditions and evidence-based management will enable the emergency physician to provide the most up-to-date standard of care.