Emergency medicine clinics of North America
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Endurance sports encompass a broad range of events from marathons and triathlons to ultramarathons, long-distance cycling, skiing, and swimming. As these events have experienced a surge in popularity, we have a greater need to understand the associated medical risks. This article reviews the history of endurance races, reviews the most critical and common causes of cardiovascular, heat, electrolyte, and musculoskeletal injuries/illnesses, and discusses considerations for medical directors/personnel associated with such events.
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There is a growing incidence of heat-related illnesses due to rising global temperatures. Heat-related illnesses range from mild to severe, with heat stroke being the most critical. ⋯ Prevention is through hydration, appropriate clothing, recognition of high risk medications, and awareness of environmental conditions. Recognizing heat-related illnesses early in the clinical course and implementing rapid cooling strategies reduces morbidity and mortality.
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Lightning is a common environmental hazard, and is a significant cause of global injury and death. Care and evaluation should follow general trauma guidelines, but several unique aspects of lightning injuries necessitate deviations from standard care that can improve survival and overall outcomes. ⋯ While most lightning-related injuries resolve spontaneously, some may have significant long-term symptoms. Anticipatory guidance and specialty referral may be needed for appropriate follow-up, evaluation, and treatment.