Health affairs
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Five decades ago, hospitals staffed their emergency rooms with rotating community physicians or unsupervised hospital staff. Ambulance service was frequently provided by a local funeral home. Beginning in the late 1960s and accelerating thereafter, emergency care swiftly evolved into its current form. ⋯ They also conduct timely diagnostic workups, provide access to after-hours acute care, and serve as the "safety net of the safety net" for millions of low-income and uninsured patients. But the field's success has led to a new set of challenges. To overcome them, emergency care must become more integrated, regionalized, prevention oriented, and innovative.
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Urban legend has often characterized frequent emergency department (ED) patients as mentally ill substance users who are a costly drain on the health care system and who contribute to ED overcrowding because of unnecessary visits for conditions that could be treated more efficiently elsewhere. This study of Medicaid ED users in New York City shows that behavioral health conditions are responsible for a small share of ED visits by frequent users, and that ED use accounts for a small portion of these patients' total Medicaid costs. ⋯ It is possible to use predictive modeling to identify who will become a repeat ED user and thus to help target interventions. However, policy makers should view reducing frequent ED use as only one element of more-comprehensive intervention strategies for frequent health system users.
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In its short modern history, Israel has had to contend with numerous mass-casualty incidents caused by terrorism. As a result, it has developed practical national preparedness policies for responding to such events. ⋯ Israel's emergency management system includes contingency planning, command and control, centrally coordinated response, cooperation, and capacity building. Although every nation is unique, many of the lessons that Israel has learned may be broadly applicable to preparation for mass-casualty incidents in the United States and other countries.
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Emergency care is an essential component of the care delivery system in the United States, but it received little attention during the debates about health care reform. As a result, US emergency care remains outdated and fragmented. We provide an overview of efforts to regionalize emergency care in the United States, and we both identify challenges to change and recommend next steps in five domains: people, quality and processes, technology, finances, and jurisdictional politics. We offer a commonsense approach to increasing the value of emergency care delivery by developing regionalized integrated networks of emergency care that take advantage of emerging changes in the health system and are designed to meet time-sensitive patient needs.
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For the best health care to be provided in emergency settings, it must be based on the best available science. There are about 136 million visits to emergency departments (EDs) in the United States annually. ⋯ Recognizing that effective emergency care research spans multiple organ systems and disciplines, the NIH established the Office of Emergency Care Research in December 2011 to facilitate and coordinate funding opportunities relevant to research and research training in emergency settings. Because the NIH funds education, basic research, and large clinical trials, it plays a key role in improving emergency care.