Vaccine
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Historical Article
The history of the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is a federal advisory committee that develops written recommendations for use of vaccines licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the U. S. civilian population. Vaccine development and disease outbreaks contributed to the need for a systematized, science-based, formal mechanism for establishing national immunization policy in this country. ⋯ The ACIP works closely with many liaison organizations to develop its immunization recommendations, which are harmonized among key professional medical societies. ACIP vaccine recommendations form two immunization schedules, which are updated annually: (1) the childhood and adolescent immunization schedule and (2) the adult immunization schedule. Today, once ACIP recommendations are adopted by the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, these recommendations are published in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), become official policy, and are incorporated into the appropriate immunization schedule.
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The influenza virus undergoes frequent antigenic drift, necessitating annual review of the composition of the influenza vaccine. Vaccination is an important strategy for reducing the impact and burden of influenza, and estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) each year informs surveillance and preventative measures. We aimed to describe the influenza season and to estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in Victoria, Australia, in 2013. ⋯ Clinicians can continue to promote a positive approach to influenza vaccination, understanding that inactivated influenza vaccines prevent at least 50% of laboratory-confirmed outcomes in hospitals and the community.
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To evaluate the long-term efficacy of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell derived hepatitis B vaccine after being used for 14-16 years in country community in Hebei province in China. ⋯ The long-term efficacy of the CHO derived hepatitis vaccine is good and stable for 14-16 years after vaccination. A booster dose seems not necessary. Implementing mother-newborn blocking measures for newborns from HBsAg carrier mothers is urgently needed in the future.
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Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in France, 2001-2012.
Vaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was recommended in France in 2003 for children <2 years. The 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) replaced PCV7 in 2010. We assessed the impact of PCVs vaccination on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in French children (0-15 years) and adults (>15 years). ⋯ Vaccination with PCV13 was rapidly followed by a decrease in the incidence of all-type IPD in children, in relation with a sharp decrease in the incidence of PCV13-Non PCV7-IPD. Moreover, all-type IPD decreased after PCV13 introduction in older non-vaccinated age-groups, with a shift in the distribution of serotypes. Considering the whole 2001-2012 period, the vaccination with PCV7 and PCV13 resulted in a decline in the incidence of IPD in children up to the age of 5 but not in older children and adults.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Phase II trial in adults of concurrent or sequential 2009 pandemic H1N1 and 2009-2010 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccinations.
During the 2009 influenza pandemic both seasonal and 2009 pandemic vaccines were recommended. We conducted a randomized trial of monovalent 2009-H1N1 vaccine and seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) given sequentially or concurrently to adults. ⋯ All vaccine combinations were generally well tolerated. Immune responses to one dose of 2009-H1N1 were adequate regardless of the sequence of vaccination in all age groups, but the sequence affected titers to IIV3 antigens.