Vaccine
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With candidate norovirus (NV) vaccines in a rapid phase of development, assessment of the potential economic value of vaccine implementation will be necessary to aid health officials in vaccine implementation decisions. To date, no evaluations have been performed to evaluate the benefit of adopting NV vaccines for use in the childhood immunization programs of low- and middle-income countries. ⋯ The introduction of a NV vaccine would prevent many healthcare outcomes in the Peru and potentially be cost-effective in scenarios with high NV incidence. The vaccine cost-effectiveness model could also be applied to the evaluation of NV vaccine cost-effectiveness in other countries. In resource-poor settings, where NV incidence rates are expected to be higher.
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Controlled Clinical Trial
Smallpox vaccine, ACAM2000: Sites and duration of viral shedding and effect of povidone iodine on scarification site shedding and immune response.
The U. S. Department of Defense vaccinates personnel deployed to high-risk areas with the vaccinia virus (VACV)-based smallpox vaccine. ⋯ Groups did not differ significantly in the proportion of subjects mounting an immune response, as measured by neutralizing antibodies, IgM, IgG, and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay. When applied to the vaccination site starting on day 7, PIO reduced viral shedding without altering the immune response. The use of PIO in addition to a semipermeable dressing may reduce the rates of autoinoculation and contact transmission originating from the vaccination site in smallpox-vaccinated individuals.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
A randomized trial of rotavirus vaccine versus sucrose solution for vaccine injection pain.
Sucrose solutions are analgesic in infants. Oral rotavirus vaccine contains sucrose, however, it is not known if it possesses analgesic properties. The objective was to compare the analgesic effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine to sucrose solution when administered prior to injectable vaccines. ⋯ Rotavirus vaccine did not differ from sucrose solution in reducing injection-induced pain. Based on the findings, it is recommended that rotavirus vaccine be administered prior to injectable vaccines in infants aged 2 and 4 months.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study Clinical Trial
Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy adults.
Pneumococcal disease remains an important health priority despite successful implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in infant immunization programs, mainly due to the emergence of diseases caused by serotypes not included in licensed PCVs. A 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-15) containing the 7 serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) included in licensed PCV-7 available at study initiation plus 8 additional serotypes (1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, 19A, 22F, 33F) was developed and evaluated in healthy adults 18-45 years of age. ⋯ PCV-15 displays an acceptable safety profile and induces IgG and OPA responses to all serotypes included in the vaccine.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Immunogenicity of poliovirus vaccines in chronically malnourished infants: a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan.
Reaching high population immunity against polioviruses (PV) is essential to achieving global polio eradication. Efficacy of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) varies and is lower among children living in tropical areas with impoverished environments. Malnutrition found as a risk factor for lower serological protection against PV. ⋯ Shedding of polioviruses in stool did not differ between study groups and ranged from 2.4% (n=5) to 7.1% (n=15). In malnourished children the shedding was reduced after bOPV+IPV compared to bOPV only. Chronically malnourished infants were more likely to be unprotected against polioviruses than normal infants. bOPV+IPV helped close the immunity gap better than bOPV alone.