Der Unfallchirurg
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Forearm fractures are common in all age groups. Even if the adjacent joints are not directly involved, these fractures have an intra-articular character. One of the most common complications of these injuries is a painful limitation of the range of motion and especially of pronation and supination. ⋯ In the presence of torsional deformities, radiological measurements can help to decide if an operation is needed or not. Unlike the lower limbs, there are still no uniform cut-off values as to when a correction is indicated. Decisions must be made together with the patient by taking the clinical and radiological results into account.
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The torsion of the humerus describes the physiological rotation of the humerus around its longitudinal axis. Various clinical and radiological methods for measurement have been described. The computed tomography method is currently the gold standard. ⋯ For the treatment of many humeral pathologies, a precise reconstruction of the anatomical retroversion is required. The retroversion of the humerus has to be considered in shoulder arthroplasty, in fracture situations and also in planning correction of posttraumatic deformities. If an orientation to the original anatomical landmarks of the humerus is no longer possible, an orientation to the contralateral side is recommended.
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Rotational malalignment after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures is not uncommon. In-toeing and out-toeing conditions in children are often the reason for orthopedic and traumatological medical consultation. ⋯ If there is a suspicion of rotational malalignment in the lower leg, a CT scan can be performed in adults and MRI in children and adolescents. Surgical indications for corrective osteotomy are dependent on functional complaints as well as the CT and MRI measurements. The CT and MRI reference values are only published according to the method of Waidelich et al. and Jend et al.
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Key factors for successful osteosynthetic fracture stabilization are anatomical fracture reduction, restoration of axis and torsion alignment as well as tissue-preserving operative techniques. In long bone fractures, the use of intramedullary long bridging nailing offers ideal conditions for bone healing, as axial and rotational stability is provided by canal-filling nails and locking screws. ⋯ The indication spectrum for modern intramedullary locked nailing includes diaphyseal fractures of long bones, metaphyseal fractures and reconstructions, as well as treatment of nonunion, osteotomy and arthrodesis of the lower extremities. Continuous improvements in nail design and instrumentation as well as the introduction of anatomical reconstruction nails will optimize the spectrum and effectiveness of intramedullary osteosynthesis even further.
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Peripheral lesions of the median nerve cause characteristic changes of the grip function of the hand. For evaluating grip force changes, measurement by dynamometers (JAMAR dynamometer and pinch dynamometer) is of high relevance. In this study the ability of grip force measurements of different grip forms was evaluated to discriminate between a simulated median nerve lesion and healthy subjects. ⋯ For the discrimination between healthy subjects and subjects with a median nerve block there was a limited relevance of the measurement of the power grip and force distribution at the fingers by the JAMAR dynamometer. However, the best distinction was observed by dynamometric measurement of other grips than power grip, such as palmar abduction, precision grip, pincer grip and pinch grip. The results could be relevant for the clinical diagnostics and rehabilitation of median nerve lesion, complementing the widespread measurement of the power grip by other grip forms.