Anaesthesia and intensive care
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Nov 2016
Review Case ReportsAnaesthetic implications of the changing management of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited metabolic disorders that are renowned for presenting clinical problems, particularly related to cardiac, airway, and skeletal abnormalities, in children during anaesthesia. The changing clinical management of the mucopolysaccharidoses can be described in three phases. An initial phase of accumulation and dissemination of knowledge about the management of this rare disease with a growing recognition that untreated Hurler syndrome and more severe forms of other phenotypes such as Hunter syndrome and Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome were associated with severe complications under anaesthesia. ⋯ We are now entering a third phase where the partial benefits of these treatment regimens are resulting in an increasing number of older patients with partially corrected abnormalities, including difficult airways, presenting for ongoing treatment to a new and potentially unsuspecting group of clinicians. Major airway abnormalities may be encountered and current adult guidelines may need to be adapted. A multidisciplinary team approach involving paediatric and adult anaesthetists is recommended to optimise future management.
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Nov 2016
ReviewPharmacological agents for reducing the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation in paediatric patients: a systematic review.
The primary aim of this review was to assess the effect of pharmacological agents administered to attenuate the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation in paediatric patients up to 16 years of age undergoing elective surgery. Secondary aims were to identify adverse effects related to these agents, and the agents' roles in decreasing arrhythmias. A systematic search was conducted for articles listed in PubMed, CINAHL or the Cochrane database between January 1980 and June 2014. ⋯ Remifentanil 3 µg/kg and sufentanil 0.3 µg/kg were the most effective in obliterating the response but led to hypotension in unstimulated patients. Opioid-related side-effects and arrhythmias were observed in few patients. We recommend that when required, the safe and effective doses identified in this review be used to obtund the haemodynamic response to intubation in paediatric patients, with close observation for the uncommon but recognised side-effects.
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Nov 2016
Randomized Controlled TrialDriving impairment due to propofol at effect-site concentrations relevant after short propofol-only sedation.
Australian guidelines state "Following brief surgery or procedures with short acting anaesthetic drugs, the patient may be fit to drive after a normal night's sleep. After long surgery or procedures requiring longer lasting anaesthesia, it may not be safe to drive for 24 hours or more". The increasing use of the short-acting anaesthetic drug propofol as a solitary sedative medication for simple endoscopy procedures suggests a need to review this blanket policy. ⋯ Driving impairment at 0.2 µg/ml propofol effect-site concentration was not statistically different to placebo. Impairment increased with propofol effect-site concentration (P=0.002) and at 0.4 µg/ml it was similar to that found with a blood alcohol concentration of 50 mg/100 ml (0.05%). Plasma propofol concentrations of 0.2 µg/ml, as might be found approximately an hour after short (<1 hour duration) propofol-only sedation for endoscopy, were not associated with driving impairment in our young cohort of volunteers.