The Clinical journal of pain
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As long-term opioid analgesic therapy has gained increasing clinical and societal acceptance over the past 2 decades, morbidity and mortality related to the misuse of these drugs have increased in lockstep. Hence, monitoring for opioid-related problems, largely through urine drug testing, has become a central component of risk mitigation in long-term opioid therapy. Despite the increasing use of urine drug testing, little has been written about the ethical aspects of its application. In this paper, we analyze multiple aspects of drug testing-rationale for testing, specimen collection, ordering and interpretation, and response to inappropriate test results-through the principlist lens, using the ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and autonomy.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate sensitization and habituation of median somatosensory-evoked potential (MSEP) and correlate with migraine characteristics and allodynia. ⋯ The migraineurs have impaired cortical inhibition to somatosensory stimuli, and sensitization may be a feature of chronicity.