Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthésie
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Currently, there is little empirical data on family understanding about brain death and death determination. The purpose of this study was to describe family members' (FMs') understanding of brain death and the process of determining death in the context of organ donation in Canadian intensive care units (ICUs). ⋯ Family members' understanding of brain death and death determination represented a journey that they reported in sequential meeting with health care providers, most notably physicians. Modifiable factors to improve communication and bereavement outcomes during DNC include attention to the state of mind of the family, pacing and repeating discussions according to families' expressed understanding, and preparing and inviting families to be present for the clinical determination including apnea testing. We have provided family-generated recommendations that are pragmatic and can be easily implemented.
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Review Meta Analysis
Diagnostic accuracy of ancillary tests for death by neurologic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ancillary tests are frequently used in death determination by neurologic criteria (DNC), particularly when the clinical neurologic examination is unreliable. Nevertheless, their diagnostic accuracy has not been extensively studied. Our objective was to synthesize the sensitivity and specificity of commonly used ancillary tests for DNC. ⋯ PROSPERO (CRD42013005907); registered 7 October 2013.
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A series of landmark experiments conducted throughout the 20th century progressively localized the regions involved in consciousness to the reticular activating system (RAS) and its ascending projections. The first description of the RAS emerged in 1949 through seminal experiments performed by Moruzzi and Magoun in feline brainstems; additional experiments in the 1950s revealed connections between the RAS and the thalamus and neocortical structures. This knowledge has allowed for the explanation of disorders of consciousness with exquisite anatomic precision. ⋯ Canadian guidelines acknowledge that the distinction between whole brain and brainstem formulations is unclear with respect to clinical implications for patients with isolated infratentorial injuries. This has led to variability in Canadian clinicians' use of ancillary testing when the mechanism of BD/DNC is suspected to be an isolated infratentorial injury. The present narrative review highlights these concepts and explores implications for determination of BD/DNC in Canada, with specific emphasis on the RAS and its relevance to both formulations.
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This article addresses the following question: should physicians obtain consent from the patient (through an advance directive) or their surrogate decision-maker to perform the assessments, evaluations, or tests necessary to determine whether death has occurred according to neurologic criteria? While legal bodies have not yet provided a definitive answer, significant legal and ethical authority holds that clinicians are not required to obtain family consent before making a death determination by neurologic criteria. There is a near consensus among available professional guidelines, statutes, and court decisions. Moreover, prevailing practice does not require consent to test for brain death. ⋯ The article is meant to provide support and context for this project and is not intended to specifically advise physicians on legal risk, which in any event is likely jurisdiction dependent because of provincial or territorial variation in the laws. The article first reviews and analyzes ethical and legal authorities. It then offers consensus-based recommendations regarding consent for determination of death by neurologic criteria in Canada.
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This 2023 Clinical Practice Guideline provides the biomedical definition of death based on permanent cessation of brain function that applies to all persons, as well as recommendations for death determination by circulatory criteria for potential organ donors and death determination by neurologic criteria for all mechanically ventilated patients regardless of organ donation potential. This Guideline is endorsed by the Canadian Critical Care Society, the Canadian Medical Association, the Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses, Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society, the Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation (representing the Canadian Neurological Society, Canadian Neurosurgical Society, Canadian Society of Clinical Neurophysiologists, Canadian Association of Child Neurology, Canadian Society of Neuroradiology, and Canadian Stroke Consortium), Canadian Blood Services, the Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, the Nurse Practitioners Association of Canada, and the Canadian Cardiovascular Critical Care Society.