American journal of preventive medicine
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Ignition interlock devices installed after conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) have been shown to reduce subsequent DUI arrests (specific deterrence). However, there is little evidence on how interlock-device penalties might affect general deterrence, that is, deterring people from driving after consuming alcohol prior to a DUI conviction. ⋯ Wider use of interlock devices as a DUI penalty could have large deterrent effects, independent of their ability to physically prevent the motor vehicle of an intoxicated driver from starting. The deterrent effect documented here adds to evidence on interlock devices' overall effectiveness as well as their potential to shift DUI penalties away from criminalization (jail time) and toward immobilization and rehabilitation.
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This study examines the prospective association between financial strain and smoking cessation and smoking relapse among U.S. adults with established smoking. ⋯ The results from this study suggest that financial strain is a barrier to cigarette smoking without relapse, which may be due to stress and coping processes. Smoking cessation interventions would benefit from considering the role that financial strain plays in inhibiting smoking cessation without relapse.
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U.S.- and foreign-born Black young adults often have different cultural backgrounds and experiences that can an affect the types of, extent of, and response to the psychosocial stressors encountered. This study examined whether psychosocial and structural stressors are similarly related to any and polytobacco (i.e., 2 or more tobacco products) use among subgroups of Black young adults in the U.S. ⋯ In all models, experiences of racism and discrimination (race-related adversity) were linked to higher odds of polytobacco use, whereas concern about societal issues was protective. However, there were nativity differences in the association of food insecurity with any and polytobacco use. Findings support the need for culturally/ethnically conscious tobacco prevention strategies that address the underlying psychosocial and structural drivers of tobacco use among Black young adult subgroups.
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In the U.S., rural areas experience higher rates of adverse maternal health outcomes, but little data exists on rural/urban differences in pregnancy-associated deaths (PAD, all deaths during pregnancy and postpartum) or rural/urban differences in those deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⋯ Rural areas experience a high burden of pregnancy-associated death, and this inequity was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic.