American journal of preventive medicine
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This study analyzes the relationships of cigarette smoking and smoking histories to employment status and occupation. Data from a large, representative sample of U. S. adults in 1985 were analyzed separately for white men, white women, black men, and black women, with controls for age, education, and marital status included in all analyses. ⋯ These differences in smoking adoption had begun at young ages, before most people have adopted adult roles, which suggests that the differences in smoking adoption were not caused by unemployment or occupation. Rather, it appears that certain personal characteristics or early experiences influenced both smoking adoption and adult unemployment or occupation. In addition, unemployment may decrease smoking cessation, and employment in professional occupations may increase smoking cessation.
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Beliefs about the potential for high blood pressure prevention were assessed during a telephone survey of cardiovascular risk factor awareness among black and Hispanic adults in Chicago, Illinois. A high proportion of those interviewed-82% of blacks and 69% of Hispanics--thought a person could do something to prevent getting high blood pressure and either selected one or more of several possible preventive measures listed by the interviewer or volunteered other measures. Awareness of two widely cited prevention possibilities that may be particularly important for black and Hispanic populations--lowering salt intake and maintaining ideal weight--was low. ⋯ Moreover, other measures that are unrelated to high blood pressure or for which a relation to high blood pressure is not well established were selected frequently. These findings were contrary to our expectations, because black and Hispanic populations have been targeted by the National High Blood Pressure Education campaign and because high levels of awareness in other areas of cardiovascular disease risk were observed in this sample. These data suggest that awareness of potential strategies for high blood pressure prevention among black and Hispanic communities needs to be addressed specifically in related educational campaigns.
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Comparative Study
Hypertension control in a rural southern community: medical care process and dropping out.
As part of the Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program, we conducted a medical record review within a private group practice to assess the interrelationships between patient characteristics, the process of medical care, and dropping out of care by hypertensive patients. Twenty-one percent of 641 randomly selected hypertensive patients did not have a clinic visit in the year before their record review date. Loss to follow-up varied from 31% for black men to 13% for white women. ⋯ Black men were much less likely to have intense contact with the medical care system than the other groups. Physician aggressiveness in the use of drug therapy was associated with a nearly 40% reduction in the risk of being lost to follow-up. These findings suggest that patient characteristics and several factors that reflect the process of medical care are associated with dropping out of medical care by hypertensive patients.
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Comparative Study
Beliefs among black and white adults about causes and prevention of cardiovascular disease: the Minnesota Heart Survey.
We assessed beliefs about the symptoms, causes, and prevention of cardiovascular disease in population-based surveys of black and white Twin Cities adults in 1985-86. Whites had a generally higher awareness of heart attack symptoms than did blacks; 72% of blacks and 85% of whites mentioned chest pain as a likely symptom. Sixty-five percent of blacks and 76% of whites correctly offered at least one of the three major, modifiable risk factors (smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol in blood or diet) as likely causes of cardiovascular disease. ⋯ After accounting for differences in educational level, blacks demonstrated a higher awareness of hypertension as a risk factor, whereas whites were more knowledgeable about smoking and cholesterol. In light of the high percentage of adults still lacking awareness about cardiovascular risk, public education about prevention should continue. Such efforts are broadly desirable but may be most effectively targeted toward minorities and groups with less education, in whom awareness is low and risk of disease is high.
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Ninety-four individuals with well-documented glaucomatous visual field loss were matched by age, race, and sex to 94 controls. Both groups completed a detailed interview about past and current ocular and systemic diseases. We also ascertained medication, alcohol, and cigarette use. ⋯ A history of hypertension and/or medication use was not associated with glaucoma, but elevated diastolic blood pressure showed some association [odds ratio, 2.40 (0.85,6.81]). Separate analyses for whites and blacks showed diabetes to be a risk factor for both groups. Diastolic blood pressure and alcohol use appeared to be more strongly associated with glaucoma among whites, but these results should be cautiously interpreted because of the small numbers available for subgroup analysis.