American journal of preventive medicine
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From 1975 through 1984, expenditures by cigarette companies related to the distribution of free cigarette samples increased from $24.2 million to $148.0 million. When adjusted by the consumer price index, expenditures increased more than three-fold. During this period, the proportion of total cigarette advertising and promotional expenditures devoted to sampling increased from 4.9% to 7.1%. ⋯ Seventy-four percent of the college students, including 70% of current smokers, supported an ordinance that would ban cigarette sampling. These data provide evidence that the cigarette industry's voluntary code against distributing free cigarette samples to minors is not being strictly followed. Legislation prohibiting cigarette sampling, which at least 12 cities have adopted, is an effective way to prevent the distribution of free cigarettes to minors.
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A random telephone survey was conducted to measure the public's willingness to participate in a boycott of popular consumer products manufactured by corporations owned by tobacco companies. Results suggest a strong interest in such a boycott. Previous boycott experiences, attitudes, and smoking statuses significantly predicted subjects' willingness to participate. Age was inversely related to willingness to participate, while sex, income, ethnicity, and education were not related to this variable.
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Comparative Study
Racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes: the role of prenatal care utilization and maternal risk status.
Distinct black-white differences in pregnancy outcome and prenatal care utilization have been a persistent feature of U. S. natality-related statistics. ⋯ Distinct racial differences in birth weight and gestational age distributions were observed within equivalent maternal risk and prenatal care categories, with whites having an approximately 200-gram mean birth weight and five-day mean gestational age advantage compared to blacks. In this analysis of more than 650,000 cases, low-risk blacks adequately utilizing prenatal care had a lower mean birth weight (3,266 grams) and a higher neonatal mortality rate (6.6) than low-risk, inadequate-care whites (3,302 grams; 6.1).
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To understand the external validity of experimental studies, it is important to estimate the extent to which the participants are representative of the general population. This paper describes recruitment methods and considers the representativeness of participants in the San Diego Family Health Project. The study was designed to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of a family-based behavior change intervention in Anglo and Mexican-American families. ⋯ In separate analyses for Anglo and Mexican-American responders, our data suggested many similarities and a few differences among participant groups. The differences that were observed suggest that participants may already have healthier diets than nonparticipants, although only one of four dietary variables differed by participation status in each ethnic group. The external validity of these data and general recruitment issues are discussed.