Palliative medicine
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Palliative medicine · Jul 2011
ReviewIs oral methadone better than placebo or other oral/transdermal opioids in the management of pain?
To address the question: is oral methadone better than placebo, or other oral/transdermal opioids in the management of cancer pain? ⋯ This limited data suggests that (1) methadone may be an equally effective candidate for first-line opioid therapy, (2) that it is possibly less expensive, (3) that there may be a propensity to sedation and dose accumulation unless there is close monitoring and conservative dose selection and (4) that it should be initiated with a calculated dose based on a morphine to methadone dose ratio of not less than 4:1.
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Palliative medicine · Jul 2011
ReviewTransdermal opioids as front line treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain: a systemic review.
To assess the role of transdermal opioids as a front-line approach to moderate to severe cancer pain. ⋯ The use of slow release oral morphine probably remains the preferred approach for these patients, with the use of transdermal opioids to be reserved for selected patients.
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Palliative medicine · Jul 2011
ReviewA systematic review of combination step III opioid therapy in cancer pain: an EPCRC opioid guideline project.
The use of combinations of opioids is a common clinical practice; however, this is not advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder. As opioid combination therapy becomes used increasingly, a review of the evidence on this practice was conducted. ⋯ Only a weak recommendation can be used to support combination opioid therapy. This recommendation is also based on the caveat that the desirable effects of combination opioid therapy is outweighed by any disadvantages that this would confer. Prospective randomized trials are needed to clarify the benefits and safety of combination opioid therapy.
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Palliative medicine · Jul 2011
ReviewThe role of hydromorphone in cancer pain treatment: a systematic review.
The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the scientific evidence for the efficacy and side effects of hydromorphone in the management of moderate to severe cancer pain. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, reporting data on efficacy and/or side effects of hydromorphone, were identified. Thirteen eligible studies, involving 1208 patients, were selected. ⋯ The RCTs comparing hydromorphone with morphine and oxycodone showed similar analgesic results, while the comparison of side effects showed minor differences, not consistent across studies. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the studies, a meta-analysis was not performed. In conclusion there is evidence to support the efficacy and tolerability of hydromorphone for moderate to severe cancer pain as an alternative to morphine and oxycodone, while there is no evidence to demonstrate its superiority or inferiority in comparison with morphine as the first choice opioid for the same indication.
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Palliative medicine · Jul 2011
ReviewOpioids for the management of breakthrough cancer pain in adults: a systematic review undertaken as part of an EPCRC opioid guidelines project.
The usual management of cancer related breakthrough pain is with supplemental doses of analgesics (commonly opioids) at a dose proportional to the total around-the-clock opioid dose. The aim of this review, undertaken as part of a European Palliative Care Research Collaborative (EPCRC) project, to update the EAPC guidelines on opioid analgesics in cancer pain was to determine the evidence for the utility of opioids in the management of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer. Randomized controlled trials of opioids used as rescue medication were identified using electronic search strategies. ⋯ Intravenous morphine has been compared with the transmucosal route and the two found to be effective. The oral route has not been formally tested although found to be an inferior comparator in one study. Most studies showed no meaningful relationship between the effective dose of transmucosal opioid and the around-the-clock scheduled medication or the previous rescue medication, although one study found a fixed proportion of either intravenous morphine or transmucosal fentanyl to be efficacious.