The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology
-
The mortality rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is reported to be low. However, studies carried out to date have included <20% of critically ill patients. The current authors performed a secondary analysis of a prospective study evaluating 428 immunocompetent patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe CAP. ⋯ Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was associated with higher mortality (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.19-12.6). ICU mortality in COPD patients with adequate therapy was associated with bilateral pneumonia (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.18-4.53) and shock (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.31-9.71). In conclusion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit had higher mortality and need of mechanical ventilation when compared with patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
-
It has been suggested that forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV(6)) should be substituted for forced vital capacity (FVC) to measure fractions of timed expired volume for airflow obstruction detection. The present authors hypothesised that this recommendation might be questionable because flow after 6 s of forced expiration from more diseased lung units with the longest time constants was most meaningful and should not be ignored. ⋯ At 95% confidence intervals, 21.3% of 3,515 smokers and 41.3% of smokers aged >51 yrs had airway obstruction; when comparing FEV(1)/FEV(6) with FEV(1)/FVC, 13.5% were concurrently abnormal, 1.5% were false positives and 4.1% were false negatives; and when comparing FEV(3)/FEV(6) with FEV(3)/FVC, 11.6% were concurrently abnormal, 3.3% were false positives and 5.7% were false negatives. Substituting forced expiratory volume in six seconds for forced vital capacity to determine the fractional rates of exhaled volumes reduces the sensitivity of spirometry to detect airflow obstruction, especially in older individuals and those with lesser obstruction.
-
Inhalation exposure to particulate matter containing endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) occurs in a variety of occupations. Nasal lavage and induced sputum have been used to evaluate lung inflammation resulting from such exposures. Whole blood assay (WBA) measures cytokine production of leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with LPS. ⋯ Animals tolerised to LPS and exposed to barn dust demonstrated lower cellular and cytokine BAL responses. Similarly, WBA yielded significantly elevated cytokines with barn dust exposure and reduced responses with tolerisation. This study demonstrates the efficacy of whole blood assay as a biomarker of inhalation exposure to inflammatory agents and its use for assessing susceptibility to organic dust-induced lung inflammation.