European journal of clinical nutrition
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To compare the evidence derived from blood biochemical status indices with the evidence from a questionnaire and from a 4-day weighed dietary record of micronutrient supplement use in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of People Aged 65 Years and Over; to resolve some apparent incompatibility between nutrient intake and status estimates, and to recommend an approach towards supplement recording that should improve accuracy. ⋯ After assigning the subjects to four categories by the use of dietary supplements (A, those not taking supplements (by questionnaire or by the 4-day record); B, those taking supplements (excluding prescribed ones) by questionnaire only; C, those taking supplements by 4-day record only; and D, those taking supplements by both questionnaire and 4-day record), these categories were then compared with respect to estimated total nutrient intakes and blood biochemical indices. Those in category B had estimated (4-day) nutrient intakes (from foods and supplements) that were indistinguishable from those in category A, but had biochemical indices that indicated significantly higher dietary intakes of several vitamins. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION: The 4-day weighed intake record may not have identified all of the subjects who were regularly taking micronutrient supplements in amounts sufficient to improve their biochemical status. Because survey respondents may use supplements irregularly or change their usual patterns of supplement use during a period of intensive diet-recording, it is important to design a dietary instrument that will minimise this potential source of inaccuracy. We therefore recommend that population surveys in which an accurate estimate of micronutrient intakes is required, from supplements as well as from food, should record supplement use for a period longer than 4-days. It is likely that a better estimate of long-term intakes can be achieved by combining a 4-day weighed diet record with a structured recall or several weeks of diary records, which focus specifically on the use of supplements.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
The effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride.
To determine whether substituting carbohydrate for saturated fat has any adverse effects on serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in free-living individuals. ⋯ Replacement of saturated fat with carbohydrate from grains, vegetables, legumes, and fruit reduces total and LDL cholesterol with only a minor effect on HDL cholesterol and triglyceride. It seems that when free living individuals change to a fibre rich high-carbohydrate diet appropriate food choices lead to a modest weight reduction. This may explain why the marked elevation of triglyceride and reduction of HDL cholesterol observed on strictly controlled high-carbohydrate diets may not occur when such diets are followed in practice.
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Meta Analysis
By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease?
To quantify the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. ⋯ The risk of ischaemic heart disease is about 15% lower at the 90th than the 1Oth centile of fruit and vegetable consumption.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Bioavailability of catechins from tea: the effect of milk.
To assess the blood concentration of catechins following green or black tea ingestion and the effect of addition of milk to black tea. ⋯ Catechins from green tea and black tea are rapidly absorbed and milk does not impair the bioavailability of tea catechins.
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To examine the relationship between immunological variables and the different types and severity of malnutrition in Ghanaian children. ⋯ Several immunological variables responded positively or negatively with the different levels of severity of malnutrition, but most variables did not on the different types of malnutrition. The changes of C3 level were more associated with the severity of malnutrition.