Surgical endoscopy
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After the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), scientific discussion and concern about iatrogenic bile duct injuries (BDIs) have been limited mostly to BDIs sustained in LC, while BDIs sustained in open cholecystectomy (OC) and in all cholecystectomies have not been the center of attention. ⋯ In the laparoscopic era, OC is associated with a high number of BDIs, if minor BDIs are included. Excluding some major LC BDIs, BDIs are, as a rule, missed at the time of surgery. More than 90% of Amsterdam types A, B, and C BDIs can be treated endoscopically, whereas type D BDI remains an absolute indication for surgery.